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  • 學位論文

安非他命對小鼠小腦的兒茶酚胺神經支配及CREB磷酸化的影響:GABAB系統的角色

The Effect of Amphetamine on the Catecholamine Innervation and Phosphorylation of CREB in Mouse Cerebellum: the Role of GABAB Receptor.

指導教授 : 尹相姝

摘要


安非他命是一種強效的中樞神經興奮劑,它被認為是胺類(amine)神經傳導物質的間接促效劑,會造成兒茶酚胺(catecholamine)與血清張力素(serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT)的過度釋放。以單劑安非它命處理動物,可使動物活動量增加並引起重複性刻板性行為(stereotypy);長期處理,則會使動物對此藥物產生依賴、成癮與活動異常等行為改變。目前已知大腦許多腦區均受到安非他命影響,但在運動系統功能方面主司動作平衡與運動協調的小腦,受此藥物影響的情況則尚待探討。 已知小腦與兒茶酚胺類神經傳導物質的關係,是小腦會接受來自於藍班核(locus coeruleus, LC)的正腎上腺素的支配。cAMP反應單元結合蛋白質(CREB)是一種中樞神經系統常見轉錄因子,給予一劑或是長期注射安非它命會引起許多大腦腦區磷酸化CREB(pCREB)的改變,但安非它命注射是否會改變小腦神經元pCREB的表現則未知。 迦瑪胺基丁酸(GABA)系統是中樞神經系統主要的抑制性神經傳導系統,其B接受器(GABAB receptor)的一種專一性促效劑(agonist),貝克洛芬(baclofen),會減輕許多安非它命所引起,包括生理、行為與一些腦區神經化學層面的變化,但其作用機制及在小腦是否也有同樣的反應則仍未確立。本研究的目的,就是在探討並比較在長期安非它命或/及貝克洛芬的處理下,成熟小鼠小腦中,兒茶酚胺纖維(含tyrosine hydroxylase,TH; dopamine ß-hydroxylase,DBH)及pCREB的改變,以及對小腦平衡功能的影響。 我們取出生後7至9周的雄性SV-129小鼠,分成四組,經腹腔分別注射5mg/kg安非它命、10mg/kg貝克洛芬、5mg/kg安非它命與10mg/kg貝克洛芬或生理食鹽水溶液,每天兩次注射(上午九點、下午五點),連續三天,於第四天給予第七次注射,四至五個小時後灌流犧牲,以Bouin’s固定,解剖取出腦部,製備成冠狀石蠟切片(7µm)。分別以抗TH、抗DBH、抗CREB及抗pCREB抗體進行免疫組織化學染色,觀察小腦皮質及藍斑核染色及變化,並以影像分析系統加以量化。另外,利用beam walking test來觀察平衡功能的表現,此測驗藉由觀察實驗小鼠通過離地50cm、直徑圓形12mm木條的速率,來評估平衡與運動協調功能。在動物進行藥物處理前三天,給予每天每隻實驗小鼠訓練三次完整通過木條;在藥物給予期間,記錄每天第一次注射後不同時間點通過木條速率來觀察其平衡與協調功能的表現。 TH、DBH免疫反應為點狀構造,在藍班核、Purkinje層的細胞本體和周圍、molecular及granule層散漫分布;經長期注射安非他命後發現,與生理食鹽水組(對照組)比較,在小腦Purkinje與granule層的TH染色程度降低,但DBH染色程度增加。將貝克洛芬組與對照組比較,則可看到藍斑核、小腦的Purkinje與granule層的TH染色明顯降低,而DBH的染色僅在藍斑核部分出現降低情形。在同時給予貝克洛芬與安非他命的組別,小腦Purkinje層的TH及DBH染色則與對照組無明顯差別,但藍斑核的TH染色程度卻明顯比對照組或安非他命組增加。CREB與pCREB的免疫染色位在細胞核中,但Purkinje細胞核中均未見兩者的染色。小腦granule層中,pCREB的表現,在安非他命、貝克洛芬組及安非他命與貝克洛芬組均比對照組上升。 平衡功能的測試結果發現,安非他命組在注射後30分鐘,通過木條速率明顯增加,而隨著注射天數增加,其高速率期間也會延長;在貝克洛芬與安非他命組方面,速率介於對照組與安非他命組之間。至於單獨注射貝克洛芬組隨著注射天數增加其速率會降低到完全在木條上靜止不動。一般而言,藥物對通過速率影響約在兩個小時,之後與對照組相同。 上述結果顯示,安非他命引起小腦Purkinje與granule層中DBH表現上升,可能是因為此藥物使兒茶酚胺纖維內的正腎上腺素枯竭,為補償正腎上腺素,因此形成DBH量的增加。安非他命引起Purkinje和granule層的TH下降,則可能是DBH上升,同時正腎上腺素的原料多巴胺或L-DOPA的上升所導致。貝克洛芬抑制部份安非他命所引起的變化,可能由自貝克洛芬透過GABAB接受器降低正腎上腺素的釋放。另一方面,Granule層細胞的pCREB表現,在所有藥物組皆有明顯的上升。在安非他命組的增加可能是經由正腎上腺素的釋放,活化granule層細胞的 ß1腎上腺素(ß1-adrenergic)接受器,引起cAMP的增加造成;貝克洛芬組和貝克洛芬與安非他命組pCREB的增加,則可能因GABAB接受器活化,提高cAMP所造成。 綜合以上所述,長期安非他命注射會使小腦皮質TH降低、DBH增加及granule細胞pCREB上升等改變,而貝克洛芬可以抑制安非他命在小腦引起的DBH增加與purkinje細胞TH的減少;在beam walking test上的初步資料也可看到貝克洛芬減低安非他命所引起通過速率的增加。而整體說來,貝克洛芬可以抑制安非他命所引起的改變,且可能與正腎上腺素系統改變有關。本研究的結果可以支持貝克洛芬對安非他命精神症的治療潛力。

並列摘要


Amphetamine(Amph)-treated animals display behavioral abnormality and sensitization, indicating a disturbed central nervous system, which could involve the cerebellum. The Amph-induced symptoms could be associated with the proposal that Amph acts as a false substrate to bind to the dopamine, norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) transporters. Nerve fibers containing catecholamines project diffusely to all three layers of the cerebellar cortex, and could modulate the function of cerebellum via cellular mechanisms. Since tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) and dopamine -hydroxylase(DBH) are important rate-limiting enzymes in catecholamine biosynthesis, the presence of the two enzymes indicate catecholamine neurons and fibers. Moreover, the cyclic-AMP response element(CRE)-mediated transcription, CRE-binding protein(CREB), and catecholamine neurotransmitters have been directly implicated in many forms of neural plasticity including drug addiction. In addition, some evidences indicate that baclofen, one of GABAB receptor agonist, could attenuate Amph-induced syndrome in animals. Thus, this study explores the role cerebellum plays in the mechanisms for the action of Amph and/or baclofen, by monitoring the cerebellar expression of TH, DBH, CREB and phosphorylated CREB(pCREB). Male adult SV129 mice received two daily i.p. injections of Amph(5mg/kg), baclofen(10mg/kg), Amph(5mg/kg) and baclofen(10mg/kg), or saline for 3 days. On the 4th day, the mice were injected with one dosage and perfused with the fixative 4 hours later. Coronal paraffin-embedded cerebellar sections were immunostained with the anti-CREB, anti-pCREB anti-TH and anti-DBH antisera. It was found that the Amph treatment down-regulated the TH and up-regulated the DBH expression in cerebellar cortex, and also up-regulated pCREB-immunoreactivity in the cerebellar granule cell layer compared with saline control. The expression of pCREB was not significantly altered in the molecular cell layer. In Purkinje cells, negative staining of CREB and pCREB was observed. While co-treatment with baclofen, the Amph-induced TH and DBH expression changes have been recovered to the level of saline treatment, and baclofen could not alter the Amph-induced pCREB increase in cerebellar granule cells. These suggest that baclofen could attenuate Amph-induced changes in cerebellar cortex in catecholamine system. Our data support that baclofen has therapeutic potential to treat amphetamine psychosis.

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