宜蘭水稻田紅冠水雞和白腹秧雞與農耕地景的交互關係

Interactions Between Two Common Rallidaes and Agriculture Landscape in Rice Field, Yilan

倪旻萱(Min-Hsuan Ni)

指導教授 ： 李培芬

國立臺灣大學/生命科學院/生態學與演化生物學研究所/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201900204

摘要

農業生態系中人與野生動物衝突不斷，其中鳥類與水稻農業的衝突為臺灣的重要議題之一。水稻田是許多水鳥的棲地，且當中的生物相與環境隨著耕作而改變。宜蘭水稻田中有許多秧雞科鳥類棲息，尤以紅冠水雞與白腹秧雞最為常見，農民指出牠們在插秧期時造成秧苗損害，同時，有研究發現紅冠水雞在水稻田中有夏季分散、冬季聚集的分布現象，為了解農業耕作如何影響這兩種秧雞，與嘗試解決其與農民的衝突，本研究以宜蘭深溝地區的水稻田為對象探討影響紅冠水雞與白腹秧雞出現和數量分布的因子，並釐清其對秧苗損害的影響。深溝地區的水稻耕作期為3~7月，8~9月為綠肥期，10月至隔年2月為蓄水休耕期，紅冠水雞數量大致隨耕作期之水況變化增減，分布隨繁殖季與水稻增長而分散，秋冬季，蓄水休耕期，成群聚集於幾個靠近廢耕果園、草澤等常態植被的區域；白腹秧雞的數量持續波動，亦有冬季聚集現象。水況、田中植被、與常態植被、道路距離和友善耕作是影響這兩種秧雞出現的重要因子，且水稻田中隨耕作變化的植被高度、覆蓋度與鳥類繁殖季領域需求吻合，使鳥類有冬季聚集、夏季分散的現象。紅冠水雞與白腹秧雞會在插秧水稻田中覓食，且白腹秧雞偏好已插秧水稻田，損害發生率與白腹秧雞出現與否、紅冠水雞數量呈正相關，與友善耕作呈負相關。由影響鳥類出現之因子推測：水況調控與田邊常態植被除草可作為插秧期暫時使鳥類不進入農田的損害防治方式，同時進行地景規劃與經營，期能達到農業與野生生物之平衡共存。

關鍵字

水稻田 ； 紅冠水雞 ； 白腹秧雞 ； 分布動態 ； 秧苗損害 ； 宜蘭

並列摘要

Wildlife and human are constantly in conflict in the agroecosystem. In Taiwan, the conflict between birds and paddy fields is one of these critical issues. Paddy fields are important habitat of many species depending on water. Several species of Rallidae, especially Gallinula chloropus and Amaurornis phoenicurus, use paddy fields in Yilan County. Farmers reported that the birds might cause damages during the rice seedling stage. Besides, previous studies showed that distribution and aggregation of G. chloropus in paddy fields change with seasons. To investigate how agricultural operation affecting the distribution of G. chloropus and A. phoenicurus, and to reduce the conflicts between farmers and birds, I studied the factors influencing occurrence and distribution dynamics of these two Rallidae species, and clarified the effects of the two species on seedlings damage in Shen-Gou Village of Yilan. The rice farming areas started from March to July and followed by green manure from August to September, water fallow from October to February. The distribution of G. chloropus changed with cropping stages, and the bird tended to aggregate in areas close to vegetation clusters in winter. In contrast, the abundance of A. phoenicurus changed more randomly, and they showed dynamic distribution patterns, but also tended to aggregate in winter. Water level, vegetation in field, distance to vegetation and roads, and eco-friendly farming are important factors affecting the distribution of these Rallidaes. Height of plant and vegetation coverage changed while farming matched the demands of Rallidae in the breeding season, and thus, affecting their distribution patterns to shows aggregation in fall-winter seasons and dispersion in spring-summer periods. G. chloropus and A. phoenicurus both fed on the seedlings of rice, especially in seedling period, the latter prefered paddies with seedlings, while the former preferred all types of paddies including non-seedling ones. I foun positive correlation between damage occurrances and the abundance of G. chloropus and appearance of A. phoenicurus around fields, but negative correlation of eco-friendly farming type. Based on the study, to reduce the damage probabilities I recommend to manipulate the water level and weeding the vegetation near the paddies in the seedling period by making the environment less likely used by the birds. Appropriate landscape management can also be considered to reduce the conflicts between wildlife and human.

並列關鍵字

Rice paddy field ； Gallinula chloropus ； Amaurornis phoenicurus ； Distribution dynamics ； Damage of rice seedlings ； Yilan

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