日本禪庭與茶庭之特質和比較研究

A Comparative Study of the Japanese Zen Gardens and Tea Gardens.

游於穎(Yu-Ying Yu)

指導教授 ： 米復國

淡江大學/工學院/建築學系碩士班/碩士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6846/TKU.2008.00106

摘要

本研究旨在探討日本禪庭與茶庭之特質和差異，分別就文化思想、空間元素、案例分析等三個層面作比較分析和討論。

本論文共分五章，各章主要內容為：

第一章：序論，就研究動機、目的、內容、流程、設計、方法、定義提出說明。

第二章：從歷史與文化思想的觀點去探討日本禪文化與茶文化的異同，以及禪宗思想與茶道思想對禪庭和茶庭的影響。

第三章：從造園之空間元素的差異去探討禪庭與茶庭的異同，分別就自然造景元素（水景、石景、植栽）和人工造景元素（建築、景物、路徑）討論。

第四章：從案例分析去探討禪庭（龍安寺庭園、大仙院庭園）與茶庭（表千家露地、?堣d家露地）在組構形式和觀賞方式上的異同，並就特質綜合比較。

第五章：結論。

經由研究結果得知，日本庭園在佛教文化的影響下，發展出有別於中國文人庭的特性，其中又以禪庭和茶庭最具文化代表性，透露出濃濃的宗教氣息和抽象寫意的意境美。日本禪庭與茶庭擁有相近的信仰和精神層面，卻發展出不同的庭園印象和形式。從歷史與文化思想的觀點上來看，日本的禪與茶都是隨著佛教文化的東傳而發展之精神文化，內涵和本質上是互為表?堙C禪庭強調的是不為物執的抽象寫意精神，而茶庭所求的是安貧樂道的枯寂實用特性。

從造園之空間元素的差異上來看，禪庭景觀運用較多自然造景元素，茶庭景觀則用較多人工造景元素。禪庭的水景和石景以寫意象徵的自然風貌為主，而茶庭的景觀則多是以實用為目的之景物為主。禪庭的寫意水景、寫意石景的元素較為豐富，茶庭在植栽、建築、景物等元素上較多元實用；禪庭描寫海景為多，茶庭則模仿山景為主。雖然兩者同樣尋求枯寂的氛圍，但禪庭籠罩在灰、黑、白沒有彩度的宗教氣氛之中，而茶庭則是浸沉於綠意盎然的深山寂靜之中，而讓人有不同的感受，一個是宗教密境，一個是世外桃源。

從案例分析的探討來看，禪庭的動線是以環繞的廊道所組成，與庭園的關係維持著看與被看的距離，茶庭的動線是以飛石、敷石引導，遊走於庭園之中的介入式規劃。禪庭維持了宗教上不可侵犯的神秘感和神聖感，茶庭則帶給訪客身歷其境的感受和大自然的親切感。禪庭的觀賞偏向「靜態觀賞」，茶庭的觀賞則偏向「動態遊覽」；禪庭重現的是看海的經驗；茶庭重現的是登山的經驗。禪庭給予想要修禪悟道之人一個沉靜的環境，感受宇宙萬物之間永恆和無常的開悟和解脫；茶庭則是讓參與茶道活動的訪客轉換心境的空間，暫時忘卻俗事的紛紛擾擾。

關鍵字

日本庭園 ； 禪庭 ； 茶庭 ； 禪 ； 茶

並列摘要

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the quantities and differences of Japanese Zen gardens and Tea gardens. And comparing and researching from three aspects, the thoughts of culture, elements of space, and examples.

This paper is composed by five chapters. The outlines of each chapter are as following.

Chapter 1：Introduction
Explain the motivations, purposes, contents, procedures, designs, methods, and definitions of this paper.

Chapter 2：
Discuss the differences and similarities between Japanese Zen culture and Tea culture from points of history and culture. Analyze how Zen thoughts and Tea thoughts make impacts on Zen gardens and Tea gardens.

Chapter 3：
Discuss the differences and similarities in elements of landscape by natural elements (Waterscape, Stones, and Plants) and artificial elements (Architecture, Scenery, and Routes)

Chapter 4：
Analyze the differences and similarities in structures and ways of seeing Zen gardens (Ryoan-ji Garden and Daisen-in Garden)and Tea gardens (Omote Senke Garden and Ura Senke Garden).

Chapter 5：Conclusion

According to this paper, Japanese gardens are influenced by Buddhism and they develop quantities which make them different from Chinese traditional gardens. Take Zen gardens and Tea gardens for instance, they reveal strong religion flavor and abstracted atmosphere. There are some similar aspects of religions and spirits in Japanese Zen gardens and Tea gardens. However, they develop different images and forms of gardens. From points of history and culture, Japanese Zen and Tea develop special spirit and culture with Buddhism spread from China. Japanese Zen and Tea are almost the same in spirit. Then, Zen gardens emphasize the spirit of abstract. Tea gardens pursue the practical quantity.

From the view of space elements, Zen gardens operate more natural elements, and Tea gardens make use of more artificial elements. Zen gardens display natural landscape； Tea gardens display landscape with practical purposes. In addition, Zen gardens include many waterscape and stones. Then, Tea gardens include many elements of plant and architecture. By the way, Zen gardens include many seascape； Tea gardens imitate mountain-scape. Although both Zen gardens and Tea gardens pursue the dull and lonely atmosphere, they still have some differences. For instance, Zen gardens often contain gray, black, and white colors, and soak up in strong religion atmosphere. On the other hand, Tea gardens make people immerse in a green and serene mountain.

From the cases in this paper, you can find that Zen gardens are composed by circles. The relation between Zen gardens and circles would be seeing and to be seen. Then, the path of Tea gardens guides people to go into the gardens. Zen gardens are sacred and mysterious. And Tea gardens allow people to have the feeling of virtually being there, and near the nature. Zen gardens emphasize the experiences of seeing sea； Tea gardens emphasize the experiences of climbing mountains. In addition, Zen gardens give people a serene place to meditate. Tea gardens give visitors a place to participate in Chadou activities and forget general affairs.

並列關鍵字

Japanese Garden , Zen Garden , Tea Garden , Zen , Tea

參考文獻

1988 《中國古典園林分析》初版，台北：地景企業股份有限公司。

2007 《禪味京都》台北：法鼓文化事業股份有限公司。

1987 《中國禪學思想研究》台北：文津出版。

Borja, Erik

Earle, Joe