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  • 學位論文

造化之異與正:明清物怪黑眚信仰演變

Nature and Anomaly:The Belief in Heisheng and its Development during The Ming and Qing Period

指導教授 : 廖咸惠
共同指導教授 : 王鴻泰

摘要


本文透過明成化十二年(1476)物怪黑眚事件,探討明朝政府體制如何面對物怪的侵擾,及採取的應變措施;進一步討論儒家士大夫在面臨物怪出沒無常理的情況下,如何作出詮釋及因應;最後則聚焦於地方官員及百姓面臨物怪黑眚威脅,如何作出自我調適。各章研究內容大致如下: 第一章:明朝特務機關西廠,一般定位與東廠相似,然透過物怪黑眚的研究,可了解到西廠成立並不單純只為皇帝監控朝臣,更重要的原因在於欲杜絕黑眚此類物怪出現的可能性。宦官汪直更藉由成化帝對於黑眚的畏懼,掌控西廠此一特務機關,最後終因物怪黑眚事件演變成為朝臣與宦官的對立局面。 第二章:儒家士大夫面臨物怪黑眚事件作出因應,反映在其命名的儒化歷程。黑眚,原是漢儒「天人感應」的五行徵兆之一,象徵君主「聽之不聰」。儒家士大夫將之與成化十二年的物怪黑眚連結,有其獨特的選擇及考量,而其背後的思維即為「造化之跡」。 第三章:地方官員面對物怪黑眚在地方上造成的傷害,思考如何處置得宜,並在所承接的儒家教育與地方百姓的信仰之間取得一個平衡點。至於地方百姓,除了求助地方官員外,是否可能透過信仰的模式,將物怪轉化成為神明,進而消除對黑眚的恐懼,此須從十八世紀的江浙地區眚神信仰變化找出其關聯。 明成化十二年物怪黑眚事件,涉及議題包括:朝臣與宦官政爭、西廠興廢、儒家士大夫命名思維、地方官員因應措施,以及地方百姓(尤以江浙地區)將黑眚轉化成為眚神的過程。這些變化顯示出物怪黑眚上至朝廷、下到地方百姓所造成的重大影響,也可知黑眚並不完全只在虛構文本中呈現,事實上,在歷史舞台上曾有其重要的角色地位。而透過此物怪的研究,可以彌補歷史研究上所忽略的隱晦層面,也更深入地看到人們如何面對未知的恐懼。

關鍵字

明清 成化十二年 物怪 黑眚 民間信仰 西廠 儒化 眚神 造化之跡

並列摘要


This article through Chenghua twelve years (1476) Heisheng to explore the Ming system of government how to deal with harassment caused by them; And further discussed the Confucian literati were in the face of Heisheng that come and go without common sense, how to react to interpretation and response; Finally focus on the local officials and local people were facing the threat of Heisheng, how to make self-adjustment. The study of each chapter is as follows: Chapter I: Xi-chang which the Ming secret institution, the general location is similar to Dong-Chang. But through the study of Heisheng, we can see the establishment of the Xi-chang is not only for the emperor monitor courtiers, more important reason is that want to put an end to analogue possibilities.Eunuch Wang Zhi more fully integrated by the fear of emperor Chenghua for Heisheng, and further control of the Xi-chang this secret institution, finally the end result of the Heisheng event evolved into a confrontation between courtiers and eunuchs. Chapter II: Confucian literati faced Heisheng event make response, reflection in named course of Confucian-oriented. Heisheng, is one of the signs that the Chinese Confucian "Induction of Heaven and Man" five elements, Symbolizes the emperor “to listen not to be clever”.Confucian literati will be to connect it with Heisheng event of Chenghua twelve years, has its own unique options and considerations, and the thinking behind that is the "luck of the tracks." Chapter III: Local officials faced Heisheng material damage at the local, think about how to dispose of properly, and tried to Obtains the balance point between the Confucian education which he received and the local people belief. As for the local people, in addition to seek for help to local officials, the possibility of transformed Heisheng into the gods through belief mode, and thus eliminate fear for Heisheng. This study must find out the association with Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in the eighteenth century from the changes in Shengshen belief. The Heisheng event in Chenghua twelve years, involving topics include: Political dispute between courtiers and eunuchs, rise and fall of Xi-Chang, the Confucian literati thinking about named in Heisheng , local officials in response to measures, and local people (especially in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces) transformed Heisheng into Shengshen .These affects of Heisheng show the significant impact which up to government, down to the local people. This research is not entirely only in the fictional text presents, in fact, it had its important role status on the historical stage. Heisheng through this research, can make up for historical research on the overlooked subtle level, also can see more in-depth local people how to face the fear of the unknown

參考文獻


一、史料(依年代排列)
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被引用紀錄


王亭雁(2015)。明憲宗朝西廠之研究〔碩士論文,國立中央大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0031-0412201512035113

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