創業家的失敗學習－經驗釋意與「韌力-學習」模型之建構

Learning from entrepreneurial failure: Building a theoretical model of Sensemaking and Resilience

周育叡(Chou, YuJui)

指導教授 ： 連雅慧 ； 艾昌瑞

國立中正大學/管理學院/企業管理學系/博士(2012年)

摘要

過去「創業研究」大多引用其他領域的觀點，且以探討創業成功因素與案例為主要研究議題，對於創業失敗議題探討、失敗對於創業家所產生的影響，以及失敗經驗對於後續成功的影響與重要性…等議題的探討相對較少，致使創業研究的完整性與周延性略顯缺憾。本研究以『創業失敗』為研究主軸，以正向心理學『韌力(resilience) 與釋意(sensemaking)』觀點探討創業家的失敗學習，創業歷程中所經歷的重大挫折與失敗之回復歷程？創業家如何針對失敗經驗進行釋意？如何透過失敗經驗進行學習與建構知識？如何從失敗自我超越？
本研究焦點在探討創業家的失敗經驗，以及他們如何詮釋這些經驗，因此，採取「質化研究」為研究方法論與研究指引，並以「紮根理論(Ground theory)」的方法與觀點作為研究設計，建構創業家失敗經驗學習模型；資料分析則輔以「歷程研究法(process research)」，進行回溯性歷程資料分析。
根據資料分析結果，本研究發展四個主題，分別為：創業家失敗歷程、創業失敗經驗的詮釋、挫敗之後的因應與回復能量與自我超越的學習與精進。並根據四個主題的討論，建構創業家「韌力-學習」模型，此模型包含四種學習模式。此模型完整說明創業家如何從失敗中回復，且回復過程中所採取的學習模式的差異，以及持續學習與精進，達到自我超越的狀態，再創另一次的事業高峰。此模型可作為後續實證研究的基礎模型，透過大規模訪談與實證，使創業家失敗「韌力-學習」模型發展成重要理論。實務上，研究結果可提供給有志創業者、目前或曾經遭遇重大失敗的創業家，非常重要的參考。得這些創業家與潛在創業家，瞭解如何克服失敗、突破困境與再次成功的回復與學習經驗，使減少新事業摸索與降低事業失敗的可能性。

關鍵字

創業家 ； 創業失敗 ； 經驗學習 ； 韌力 ； 釋意 ； 紮根理論

並列摘要

Previous studies of Entrepreneurship have mostly focused on the successful reasons and cases of entrepreneurship and adopted some perspectives from other fields to explore this issue. However, few studies of Entrepreneurship examine how they fail, how failure affects an entrepreneur and the experiences of failure are consistent with the follow-up success. Since it is uncompleted on the researches of Entrepreneurship, this study explores the “entrepreneurial failure”, and the resilience and sensemaking perspectives of Positive Psychology are applied here to investigate the entrepreneurial learning of failure and the frustrations of entrepreneurship while they became an entrepreneur as well as the recovery process of failure. How does an entrepreneur interpret failure experiences? How does an entrepreneur learn and construct knowledge through failure experiences? How does an entrepreneur surpass himself/herself from failure?
This study focus on failure experiences of an entrepreneur and how he/she interprets those experiences. To illustrate their experiences, the work adopts the qualitative research as a methodology, and the Ground theory is applied to design the learning model of entrepreneurial experiences of failure. At the same time, the process research is given to analyze the retrospective data.
Further analysis indicates that four themes are introduced; the process of entrepreneurial failure, the interpretation of entrepreneurial experiences of failure, the ability of response and recovery on entrepreneurial failure as well as the learning and improving from personal mastery. According to the four themes, this study builds the model of resilience-learning. This model explains how entrepreneurs recover from the failure, and then which learning model is applied by the process of recovery for continuing learning and improving themselves. Hopefully, the model of resilience-learning can be applied as a basis for future empirical researches by a large-scale interviews and case studies. In practice, the results refer to the person who would like to pursue a new business or has failed on entrepreneurship as an introduction. Since entrepreneurs can understand how to overcome failures, adversities and recovering through unsuccessful entrepreneurship, they will reduce the possibilities of exploring new business and failures in the future.

並列關鍵字

Entrepreneur ； Entrepreneurial failure ； Experiential learning ； Resilience ； Sensemaking ； Ground theory

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