開放式創新類型與分析－組織學習與社會資本觀點

隨著資訊網路技術的發展，產業環境的變遷速度越來越快，企業已無法完全自內部取得持續創新所需的所有資源，因此，開放式創新的概念成了下一世代創新的新趨勢。然而，開放式創新在和過去創新理論的結合和實際應用上仍缺乏有系統的研究。本研究奠基在組織學習理論和社會資本理論，提出一個開放式創新的分類架構，以知識範疇和互動模式為兩軸將開放式創新分成四種類型：拼圖式創新、生態體系創新、觸酶式創新和選秀式創新，並探討這四種不同創新模式在創始者能耐、創新本質、互動本質和參與者型態等構面中的異同。創使者能耐提出了實行開放式創新所要具備的能力組合，而互動本質則利用社會網絡分析方法，以簡捷的圖示展現出不同種類開放式創新中的領導基礎和網絡結構，參與者型態則探討參與者的動機、角色和理想的數量。另外，本研究亦導入包括P&G、Google、IBM和NTT DoCoMo等著名案例，透過對個案的深入分析，提供實務業如何成功實行開放式創新的最佳典範。研究結果發現：在不同的開放式創新類型中，成功的開放式創新創使者都擁有特殊且關鍵的核心能耐，搭配適合的社會網絡架構和選擇適當的參與者。本研究主要的貢獻在於導入組織學習和社會資本的觀點，豐富開放式創新概念的理論基礎，並提供一套完整的架構，提供實務界一個執行開放式創新的指導方針。

關鍵字

開放式創新；組織學習；社會資本；社會交換；社會網絡分析

並列摘要

Nowadays, firms are impossible to acquire sufficient resources internally to keep continuing innovation due to the fast-changing industrial environment. The concept of open innovation has become the trend of next generation innovation. Nevertheless, there are few systematic studies aimed at researching the connection with previous innovation theories and practical applications. The study is based on organizational learning and social capital theory and aimed at providing a framework of the classification of open innovation, categorizing open innovation into four types and discussing the parallel and different parts in the constructs of initiator’s competency, innovation attribution, interaction essences, and participant type respectively. This research also illustrates the social structure in each type with simple and clear diagrams based on social network analysis. Moreover, several typical cases will be introduced and discussed, including P&G, Google, IBM, and NTT DoCoMo. Through sophisticated analyses, we hope we could present the best practice to explain how firms could implement open innovation successfully. The study points out that in different types of open innovation, the successful innovators have the traits of key core competency, matching appropriate social network structure, and choosing proper participants. The critical contribute of the study is to bring in the viewpoint of organizational learning and social capital, enriching the theoretical basis of open innovation and providing a well-defined framework which is also a guideline to carry out open innovation.

並列關鍵字

Open Innovation ； Organizational Learning ； Social Capital ； Social Exchange theory ； Social Network Analysis

參考文獻

84. Van de Ven, A., Polley, D. E., Garud, R., & Venkataraman, S. (1999). The Innovaiton Journey. New York: Oxford University Press.

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開放式創新類型與分析－組織學習與社會資本觀點

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