日據時期在台日人小說重要主題研究

A study of important themes of the novel written by Japanese Writers in Taiwan during the Japanese Occupation Period.

林慧君(Hui-Chun Lin)

指導教授 ： 呂正惠

淡江大學/文學院/中國文學系博士班/博士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6846/TKU.2009.00220

摘要

日據時期有不少日本人作家活躍於台灣文壇，筆者將日據時期在台日人小說視為「在台灣時空下發生的文學書寫」，認為研究在台日人作家對殖民地台灣感受的普遍性與個別性，以及對殖民地描寫的共同特色與個別差異，有助於完整掌握日據時期的台灣文學樣貌。
本論文以「日據時期在台日人小說重要主題」為研究課題，在台日人是指日據時期在台灣出生、從事文學活動，以及在日本出生但久居台灣並從事文學活動的日本人，他們以日文創作的新小說作為研究對象。但有部分作者只在台灣有短暫生活或旅行的經驗，卻以台灣的人、事、物為小說題材，完成後於日據時期發表在日本，這些小說也是本論文參酌探討的對象。
本研究採文獻與文本分析法，蒐集日據時期雜誌，如《臺灣文藝》（臺灣文藝聯盟）、《臺灣新文學》、《文藝臺灣》、《臺灣文學》、《臺灣時報》、《臺灣新聞》、《臺灣公論》、《臺灣鐵道》、《臺灣文藝》（臺灣文學奉公會）、《旬刊臺新》、《新建設》、《臺灣新報》等所刊載的日人小說，以及日據時期刊行的小說集，進行文本原典閱讀、分析、比較，歸納出在台日人小說的六個重要主題，透過不同作家小說文本的對照分析，進行主題詮釋，論述在台日人小說的時代特色，並以反殖民的觀點提出評價。
對在台日人作家而言，「台灣文學」的意義是建立在「台灣」作為「日本新領土」、「日本南進基地」之下，因此仍不能跳脫以殖民地文學的特殊性供養、附庸帝國文學的姿態。本論文所歸納出的六個重要主題，也是作家所反映的殖民地重要問題。論及的在台日人作家，生活在封閉性殖民者社會，面對殖民地社會與人民，總有身為純日本人的優越意識，因而侷限了他們對台灣人民族處境的觀察與理解，潛藏著殖民父權體系的鄙夷視線。
台灣原住民在殖民宗主國的經濟利益考量下，被強迫脫野蠻入文明，直到成為文明的模仿者時，為免令殖民者露出破綻，卻遭禁止越界與噤聲，最終卻引發了令殖民者始終無法釐清原因的「霧社事件」。
「台灣女性」成為殖民者建構他者的對象，男性作家筆下的台灣女性並不被賦予主體意識，遠離了傳統禮教束縛，在皇民鍊成中對身分認同毫不懷疑或掙扎，形成一種教化功能大於寫實的結果。女性作家較能跳脫統治者殖民地想像的框架，以女性視點反映出被殖民者在認同發展中所面臨的困境。
在台日人小說家們企圖為殖民地人民尋找一條成為「真正日本人」的道路。然而不論是透過精神系譜法，或是血統融合法，被殖民者即使已內化為皇民，遇上殖民者如影隨行的純血觀念，即反照出「一視同仁」的矛盾與虛妄。
隨著戰爭的進展，在台日人小說家積極呼應總督府的國策要求，與日本中央文壇同步投入順應時局與配合戰爭宣傳的寫作，從而規避了殖民地問題的深究與解決。透過「歷史小說」將日本帝國統治台灣的歷史，轉化為正當的、現代化的自然進程叙事。
日據時期日本人「在台灣時空下發生的文學書寫」，在國家權力的干擾下，無反省、無批判的國策文學成為主流，小說成了戰爭的文宣工具。不僅未能締造新的「外地文學」，本身也呈現出邊縁化現象，與滯礙難展的台灣新文學同樣失去了主體性。這種樹立「南方文學」、「皇民文學」典範的文學觀，注定了無法創作出擁有歷史現實價值的作品。

關鍵字

日據時期小說 ； 在台日人 ； 身分認同

並列摘要

Many Japanese writers became active in the Taiwanese literary arena during the Japanese Occupation Period. This paper focuses on Japanese writers in Taiwan “literature written under the time and space in Taiwan”, and researches into Japanese writers’ individual and general feeling about colonized Taiwan and the similarities and differences regarding their descriptions of the colony, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the characteristic of Taiwanese literature during the Japanese Occupation Period.
This paper focuses on the “Important themes of the novel written by Japanese Writers in Taiwan during the Japanese Occupation Period”. Japanese in Taiwan refer to literature creators who were born in Taiwan and those with Japanese nationality who were born in Japan but lived in Taiwan for a long period of time. These writers focused on new novels written in the Japanese language. Nonetheless, some writers only had short-term staying or traveling experience in Taiwan, but still published novels about the people, events, and things of Taiwan in Japan during the Japanese Occupation Period. These works are also worthy of discussion.
This paper adopts literature analysis and text analysis, and collects magazines published during the Japanese Occupation Period such as “Taiwan Literature” (Taiwan Literature League), “Taiwanese New Literature”, “Literary Taiwan”, “The Literature of Taiwan”, “Taiwan Times”, “Taiwan News”, “Taiwan Public Opinion”, “Taiwan Railway”, “Taiwan Literature” (Taiwan Literature Association), “Taiwan Periodical”, “New Construction, “Taiwan New Post” and novels published during the Japanese Occupation Period. The original copies of these works are then read, analyzed, compared and 6 important themes of the novels by Japanese in Taiwan are constructed.
Through the comparison and analysis of works by different authors, this paper explains and discusses the time feature of these novels and provides opinions from the aspect of anti-colonialism.
For the Japanese writers in Taiwan, the meaning of “Taiwanese literature” is based on the role of Taiwan as a Japan’s “new territory” or “southward base” and therefore their works were under the constraint of colonial or imperial literature. The 6 important themes concluded by this research are also the important problems reflected by the writers. Involved Japanese writers in Taiwan lived in a closed colonial society who always maintained a sense of superiority as Japanese over the society and people in Taiwan. This sense of superiority limited their observation and understanding of Taiwanese people which indicated a sense of disrespect of colonial patriarchy society.
T he aboriginals in Taiwan were forced to live a civilized life under the economic consideration of a colonial state. They were told to imitate Japanese culture, and later on forced to be silent and were prohibited from crossing the boundary which cause the break-out of “Wu-Shir Event” , leaving colonists doubtful about the real causes.
“Taiwanese females” became the subject of colonists’ construction of Taiwanese; the Taiwanese females described by male writers were lack of self-awareness, away from the constraint of traditional code of ethics and did not have any doubts or struggles regarding their identity during royal citizen establishment. Such descriptions were educational but not faithful to the reality. Female writers, on the contrary, managed to break away from the constraint of colonial imagination and reflected the difficulties of colonizers in terms of self-identity from females’ point of view.
The Japanese writers in Taiwan tried to lay a road of “real Japanese” ahead of colonizers. Nonetheless, both spiritual pedigree and blood merger still reflected the contradiction and fabrication of “treating all men alike” even if colonizers were already defined as royal citizens.
As the war processed, the Japanese writers in Taiwan began to publish works related to war propaganda with the literary arena in Japan to respond to the policies of Taiwan Governor’ General. The studies and solutions to colony problems were therefore ignored. The Japanese government transformed its history of colonizing Taiwan through “historical novels” into a justified and modern natural process.
The “literature written under the time and space in Taiwan” by the Japanese writers in Taiwan turned out to be the national state literature under the intervention of the government which became the mainstream literature containing no introspection or criticism. These novels were the tools of war propaganda, which failed to create new “foreign literature” and turned out to be marginalized works, losing its integrity just as Taiwan new literature that was lack of development. Such literature attitude of establishing “south literature” and “royal citizen literature” was doomed to fail to create works with historical reality value.

並列關鍵字

novels during the period of Japanese occupation of Taiwan ； Japanese writers in Taiwan ； Identification

參考文獻

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