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  • 學位論文

社區總體營造脈絡下的觀光發展:花蓮豐田社區的觀光人類學分析

Tourism Development in the Context of Community Empowerment: A Tourism Anthropological Analysis on the Fengtian Community in Hualien

指導教授 : 林淑蓉
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摘要


本文以花蓮縣壽豐鄉豐田社區為田野地點,透過長期的田野工作,將社區總體營造與觀光發展的議題進行連結,以日本移民村、豐田玉、有機農業與休閒農業等文化資產與產業發展,探索社區總體營造以何種方式對農村社區產生影響、觀光發展如何在社造思維下成為社區發展的方向、社區永續發展如何可能,這三個問題正是人類學對變遷的研究議題,探討農村社區面對社會文化變遷的積極因應策略。 本文先探討社區總體營造架構下,由社造團隊所發展的社區導覽。當這樣的發展模式遇到民眾參與以及利益分享的問題時,其他組織開始在社造團隊的社區總體營造架構外,開展對文化資產不同的論述與再利用模式,尤其針對在居民生活脈絡中,仍存在物質保存及相關記憶與技藝的項目,建構出文化資產觀光與產業觀光。本文透過區域型文化資產以及小規模觀光產業的概念,做為社區總體營造、觀光發展、永續發展的整合性起點,以及做為不同組織進行對話的平台,使小規模、低衝擊、當地人參與、利益回饋社區等永續觀光原則成為可能,形塑出觀光取向的社區永續發展。 在社區取向部分,過去採用社區主義的概念,嘗試以共識與認同來化解社區內的利益競合,採取社會交換理論的角度,將民眾參與問題簡化成社區派系的抵制、採取功利式參與、私利凌越於公利等負面評價,忽略了豐田社區的歷史發展中,透過不斷對周邊有限資源,以趨利搶進經濟型態的發展歷程中,已逐漸朝往永續經營的特性。本文提出以資本理論的角度,透過日常生活實踐與社區發展的特色,重新看待民眾參與的動機與意義,並認為在社區總體營造思潮下,不應該將承接到政府補助款的社區組織等同於社區,在不迴避社區內競合的狀況下,尋求不同層次的多元整合,在社區永續發展的前提下,擴大對從事社區總體營造單位的認定,將社區內透過不同個人與組織的努力納入,這些同時併進所涉及的社造層面,更能接近總體營造的意涵。 在觀光取向部分,透過增加對觀光資源與觀光類型的探討,修正Crick(1994)對觀光現象的分析架構,使觀光人類學在探究一個地點的觀光現象時,有更為清晰與貼近當地觀光發展脈絡的分析。同時也檢討從觀光凝視到觀光反思性的理論視野中,觀光反思性必須回到地方的觀光營造以及地方特色中加以探討,並對全球化與國際化的實質影響進行評估,才能在彰顯全球化與國際化的影響之餘,顯示出地方對永續觀光發展的努力。

並列摘要


The field location of this study is the Fengtian Community in Hualien County. Through long term fieldwork, the issues of community empowerment and tourism development are linked together. Three problems are investigated regarding the development of cultural property and industrial developments, specifically the Japanese immigrant village, Fengtian jade, organic farming, and leisure farming. These problems involve the manner in which community empowerment influences the farming community, determining how tourism development can guide community development from a community empowerment perspective, and approaches to sustainable community development. These problems also happen to be anthropological research issues on social change, and the discussion of these issues allows us to examine the proactive response strategies of farming communities in the face of socio-cultural change. In this article, we first examine the community guided tour developed by the community empowerment team under the community empowerment framework. When this framework encountered the issues of public participation and profit sharing, other organizations began exploring alternative statements and reutilization models outside of the community empowerment framework from the community empowerment team; specifically, the development of cultural property tourism and industry tourism in areas where the conservation of cultural material and its associated memories and crafts still exist in the culture of the residents. In this article, the concepts of regional cultural property and small scale tourism industry are used as the integrated starting point of community empowerment, tourism development, and sustainable development. This is also used as a platform for communication among various organizations, thereby enabling sustainable tourism principles, such as small scale, low impact, local resident involvement, and benefit feedback to community, to form a tourism-oriented sustainable development for the community. Regarding community orientation, the concept of communitarianism has been applied to resolve competing interests within a community through consensus and identification. Social exchange theory is employed to simplify resident involvement issues into the resistance of parties within the community. Additionally, negative aspects, such as utilitarian involvement and private interests over public interests, are examined. However, this resolution overlooks the fact that, through continuous profit-seeking economic models regarding the limited resources of its surroundings, the history of the Fengtian community shows a characteristic shift towards sustainable development. In this study, we propose a capital theory viewpoint. The motives and meanings of public involvement are reevaluated by observing daily life practices and community developmental characteristics. It is also asserted that from a community empowerment perspective that community organizations, that receive governmental subsidies, should not be considered as equal to the community itself. Without avoiding competition and cooperation within the community, a different level of diverse integration is sought. Under the precondition of sustainable community development, units recognized as conducive toward community empowerment is expanded. The efforts of individuals and organizations within the community are included. These layers of community empowerment involved in this inclusion more closely resembles the intention of empowerment. Regarding tourism orientation, the analytical framework proposed by Crick (1994) on the tourism phenomenon is improved by increasing investigations on tourism resources and tourism types. This increase in investigations provides a tourism anthropology analysis that is clearer and closer to the local developmental context when investigating tourism in a certain location. At the same time, this also forces a review of the theoretical vista of tourism reflexivity from a tourist gaze. Tourism reflexivity must be examined within the scope of local tourism development and local characteristics. The actual influence on globalization and internationalization must also be evaluated not only to signify the influences of globalization and internationalization, but also to show the local efforts on sustainable tourism development.

參考文獻


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被引用紀錄


徐艾鈴(2012)。濟世與問事:苗栗雲洞宮當代扶鸞活動之研究〔碩士論文,國立交通大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6842%2fNCTU.2012.00337

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