漢語「叫」的用法與結構

Structures of the Mandarin Jiao Constructions

呂佩姿(Pei-Tzu Lu)

指導教授 ： 林宗宏

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2012年)

摘要

本論文所要分析的是漢語「叫」的用法。我們將「叫」的結構類推成動詞「給」的雙賓結構。「叫」的雙賓結構中含有所有者和所有物關係（possessor-possessee relation）。在命名「叫」、要求「叫」、使役「叫」和被動「叫」的用法結構中，主語會傳送性質到第一補語作接受者（a recipient）。在吶喊「叫」、點購「叫」和呼喚「叫」的這些用法，會拿小pro當作第一補語，並且拿IP或DP作為第二補語。命名「叫」由於不涉及到主動做動作的性質（agentivity），所以並沒有雙補語的結構。另外，我們調查了一些中國方言和亞洲語言，得知使役「叫」和被動「叫」並不是從阿爾泰語而來，而且也並不僅是存在於北方中國方言。原因在於，阿爾泰語中，如蒙古語和日語，「叫」動詞詞根並沒有使役和被動用法。此外，在中國南方方言中，閩北方言寧德語的「叫」含有使役和被動用法。

關鍵字

叫 ； 雙賓 ； 所有者 ； 所有物 ； 中國方言 ； 阿爾泰語

並列摘要

This essay presents analyses and data for the jiao constructions in Mandarin Chinese. We propose that jiao is analogous to the verb gei ‘to give.’ There is a possessor-possessee relation between the two complements. The subject transfers a property to the first complement as a recipient in the uses of the naming jiao, asking jiao, the causative jiao, and passive jiao. The shouting jiao, the ordering jiao and the calling jiao, take a small pro as the first complement, and an IP or DP as the second complement. The being-called jiao does not take two complements because the subject does not have any agentivity. Besides, we investigate some Chinese dialects and Asian languages to show that the causative and the passive uses of jiao are not from Altaic languages and do not exist only in north Chinese dialects. The verb roots of calling that denote Altaic languages, such as Mongolian and Japanese, do not exhibit the causative and passive uses. Furthermore, the word of calling in a southern Chinese dialect, the Northern Min dialect of Ningde, contains the causative and passive uses.

並列關鍵字

jiao ； ditransitive ； possessor ； possessee ； Chinese dialects ； Altaic languages

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