汶水泰雅語與牡丹排灣語連繫結構研究

The Syntax of Linking Constructions in Mayrinax Atayal and Sinvaudjan Paiwan

吳俊明(Wu, Chunming)

指導教授 ： 張永利

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/語言學研究所/博士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2013.00141

摘要

根據最簡原則以及製圖理論，本論文試圖研究探討泰雅方言及排灣方言中，汶水泰雅語與牡丹排灣語的連繫詞句法結構。本論文主要有三個目的: 第一，決定兩個語言中連繫詞的句法地位以及在結構上的相對位置。第二，探討連繫結構的句法關係。第三，探討連繫結構中的句法操作原則以及衍生方式。

連繫詞在句法結構主要可分為三個階層。在汶水泰雅語中，高位階連繫詞以不帶移位性質(EPP)的補語連詞體現，因而阻擋包蘊句中成份往外移位。中位階連繫詞為具有移位性質的補語連詞，允許包蘊句中成份往外移位。低位階連繫詞可再細分為兩類: A類低位階連繫詞占連繫詞組中心語位置，而B類為音韻形式，不占句法結構位置。牡丹排灣語呈現相似的分類狀況。主要的不同是A類低位階連繫詞 ‘a’亦存在於時制層中。此一低位階連繫詞占修飾語詞組中心語位置，保有對等連接詞特性。

連繫詞結構主要與下列三類句法運作有關。第一類為論元提升，第二類為論元提升與控制混合型操作，第三類為論元控制與運符移位。副動詞結構主要採取論元提升的句法運作，控制結構主要採取論元提升與控制混合型操作模式，中間句結構以及困難句結構則涉及論元控制與運符移位。

關鍵字

最簡原則 ； 製圖理論 ； 連繫詞 ； 移位性質 ； 補語連詞

並列摘要

Based on the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 2001) and the Cartography Approach (Rizzi 1997), this study attempts to explore the syntax of various types of linking constructions in Mayrinax Atayal and Sinvaudjan Paiwan, two Austronesian languages spoken in Northern and Southern Taiwan respectively. The purpose of this study is three-fold. First, it determines the syntactic status of various linkers. Second, it determines whether a linking construction involves subordination or coordination. Third, it fleshes out the derivations in linking constructions.

Linkers can be divided into three layers with regards to cartographic representation in both languages. In Mayrinax Atayal, High linkers are realized as C0 elements without [EPP] features. High linkers thus forbid constituents to be extracted from the embedded clauses. Mid linkers are true complementizers bearing [EPP] features and do not block any extraction and movement. Low linkers can be divided into two subgroups. The Type A low linker occupies the head position of a Linker Phrase. Type B Low linkers are irrelevant to the syntactic operation of movement. They do not occupy syntactic positions and could be realized as Phonological Forms. Sinvaudjan Paiwan exhibits a slightly different cartographic pattern from Mayrinax Atayal. In addition to CP (High) and vP (Low) level linkers, there exists a TP level linker a, which occupies the head position of a Modifier Phrase. It therefore displays conjunctive characteristics and allows permutation between two predicates in Frequency/Repetitive/Locative expressions.

Linking constructions mainly involve three types of syntactic operation. The first type is pure Raising, the second type is a mixture of Raising and Control and the third type involves Control and Operator Movement. Adverbial Verb Constructions involve Raising where a nominal argument is raised to subject position. The manipulative expressions look like canonical Control constructions, where there is an embedded PRO co-indexing with the external argument or the matrix argument in the matrix clause. Nevertheless, they may also involve the Raising mechanism. Middle and Tough constructions are associated with the operation of Control and Operator Movement. The subject is base-generated in the matrix clause containing a Middle or Tough predicate. Meanwhile, in the embedded clause there is a raised operator co-indexing with the matrix subject.

並列關鍵字

Minimalist Program ； Cartography Approach ； Linker ； [EPP] ； Complementizer

參考文獻

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