透過您的圖書館登入
IP:54.224.124.217
  • 期刊

日本型華夷觀-七~九世紀日本的外交和禮儀

Japanese Views on the Compatriot-Barbarians-Diplomacy and International Protocol of Japan during the 7(superscript th)~9(superscript th) Centuries

摘要


七世紀後半,日本由於「自我中心意識」的發展,對外漸產生優越感,並學習中國自成朝貢圈。此一「小帝國」的體制,由於大寶律令的制定,更加確立。在「小帝國」當中,天皇或國家統治所及的範圍稱「化內」,其外部教化所未及的區域稱「化外」。化外又分鄰國、諸蕃、夷狄三類型。鄰國與日本是對等關係,諸蕃和夷狄則是向日本朝貢的臣屬關係。諸蕃指朝鮮半島諸國、渤海,夷狄是列島內部未服教化,未形成國家的諸種族,如蝦夷、隼人、南島人等。諸蕃和夷狄是確立「小帝國」構造圈必備的條件,隋唐並不包括在內。 國書的交換和迎接外國使節的儀式,象徵此一國家的地位和權威。日本與朝鮮半島國家、渤海間的外交,有如中國與周邊諸國,藉由外交文書的交換和儀式,以建立其宗主國地位。但新羅和渤海兩國的使節,或用口頭,或不攜帶國書,因而紛爭不斷。八世紀後半開始,兩國為能與日本順利貿易,偶亦應日本要求,但實際上是以對等意識與日本往來。此外,至九世紀,除奄美以南諸島未內屬,及九世紀末以後本州北端以北仍是蝦夷地外,基本上都已成為「化內」,夷狄大致同化,「小帝國」的本質實際上已喪失。 七~九世紀,日本以其華夷意識,雖建立起「小帝國」的規模,但為時短暫,當時隋、唐仍是國際秩序的中心。

關鍵字

自我中心意識 小帝國 化內 化外 鄰國 諸蕃 夷狄 蝦夷 隼人

並列摘要


Japan's foreign policy, during the 7(superscript th) through the 9(superscript th) centuries, was to regard the Tang Dynasty as its neighboring country, while Korean Peninsular and Pohai, its subsidiary countries. The Emishi, the Hayato, and the natives of Southern islands, were being treated as barbarian tribes. Neighboring country was supposed to enjoy an equal relationship with Japan while a ruler-subjects relationship was established between subsidiary counties or barbarian tribes who were obliged to pay tributes to their Japanese ruler. This tributes offering circle with Japan as its center point is Japanese Views on the Compatriot-Barbarians. Motivated by this concept, Japan had engaged in its foreign relationship with those countries and nationalities through exchanging of international credentials, reception protocols, and tributes offering and rewarding. However, it was the intense relationship with the Tang Dynasty, or the desire to establish international trade with Japan, not admiration for the ”virtue” of Japanese emperor that had propelled those countries to offer their tributes. It was for this reason that, in the mid-8(superscript th) century, diplomatic disputes often arose out of whether to present credentials or not. With the assimilation of the Emishi and the Hayato one after another, the ”Tiny Empire” eventually existed without any substance and were in name only.

參考文獻


類聚三代格
宋歐陽修(1975)。新唐書。北京:中華書局。
宋歐陽修。新唐書
後晉劉昫撰(1976)。舊唐書。北京:中華書局。
後晉劉昫撰(1999)。舊唐書

被引用紀錄


吳意雯(2007)。俞正燮婦女思想之研究〔碩士論文,國立中央大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0031-0207200917344366
蔡明勳(2012)。東亞文化交流中日本遣唐使與留學生的角色定位及身分認同〔碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0021-1610201315242815
林泓泰(2015)。從韓三國統一探討現代韓半島分裂局勢〔碩士論文,國立中正大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0033-2110201614005333

延伸閱讀