Future food

未來糧食

Mark L Wahlqvist

《Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition》 25卷4期 (2016/12) Pp. 706-715

https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.092016.01

摘要

糧食系統隨著人類定居和農耕、工業化、貿易、移民以及現今的數位時代而明顯改變。這些轉型的過程中，出現人口漸增至爆炸，及生態系統的淨流失與崩壞。氣候變遷由於生態系統的失衡而加速惡化。我們的健康狀況已受到一個發展中的人類-環境不搭的挑戰。我們將生態征服及創新技術當作解決方案，但是還不了解我們如何對生態的依賴及我們是一個完整的體系。人類是生態的生物，其介面為我們的感官、腸道微生物群、共享的調節(內分泌)機制、免疫系統、生物時鐘及營養路徑。我們許多人是「自然剝奪」者。我們可能正面臨名為「生態健康失調」(EHD)的困境。如果不是那麼多人，自然的應變能力可能足以因應，但是面臨2050年超過90億的人口，地球可能無法負荷這個需求。未來的糧食需逐漸增加考量糧食系統對生態系統依賴所造成的壓力，導致糧食的有較少的生物多樣性，儘管這樣吃可以有較佳的健康；較少運動與食物不當的能量密度所造成的能量失衡；以及較少有利於社會的飲食習慣。「個人化營養」，包括資源需要很高的營養基因體學、代謝體學以及腸道微生物資料，可能可提供臨床上的部分健康解答，但對公共衛生的倫理、風險管理或是永續使用並不具正當性。糧食不安全、品質及平等是全球盛行的多面向營養不良問題，需要在地、區域或是全球的行動，以預防更進一步的生態系統崩壞；並教育提供永續生計以及鼓勵尊重糧食相關的社會論述及作法。

關鍵字

糧食系統 ； 糧食安全 ； 生態營養 ； 生態系統健康失調 ； 個人化營養 ； 無人食物商場 ； 臨床營養

並列摘要

Food systems have changed markedly with human settlement and agriculture, industrialisation, trade, migration and now the digital age. Throughout these transitions, there has been a progressive population explosion and net ecosystem loss and degradation. Climate change now gathers pace, exacerbated by ecological dysfunction. Our health status has been challenged by a developing people-environment mismatch. We have regarded ecological conquest and innovative technology as solutions, but have not understood how ecologically dependent and integrated we are. We are ecological creatures interfaced by our sensoriness, microbiomes, shared regulatory (endocrine) mechanisms, immune system, biorhythms and nutritional pathways. Many of us are 'nature-deprived'. We now suffer what might be termed ecological health disorders (EHD). If there were less of us, nature's resilience might cope, but more than 9 billion people by 2050 is probably an intolerable demand on the planet. Future food must increasingly take into account the pressures on ecosystem-dependent food systems, with foods probably less biodiverse, although eating in this way allows optimal health; energy dysequilibrium with less physical activity and foods inappropriately energy dense; and less socially-conducive food habits. 'Personalised Nutrition', with extensive and resource-demanding nutrigenomic, metabolomic and microbiomic data may provide partial health solutions in clinical settings, but not be justified for ethical, risk management or sustainability reasons in public health. The globally prevalent multidimensional malnutritional problems of food insecurity, quality and equity require local, regional and global action to prevent further ecosystem degradation as well as to educate, provide sustainable livelihoods and encourage respectful social discourse and practice about the role of food.

並列關鍵字

food systems ； food security ； econutrition ； ecosystem health disorders (EHD) ； personalised nutrition ； peopleless food outlets ； clinical nutrition