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試論臺灣各時代的哺乳動物群及其相關問題——臺灣地區動物考古學研究的基礎資料之一(下篇)

On Taiwan Mammalian Faunas in Different Periods of Time and Related Problems: The Background Materials for Taiwan Zooarchaeological Studies: Ⅰ

摘要


本文為作者關於臺灣動物考古學基礎資料整理研究的第一篇論文。文中詳細描述、討論了存在於臺灣各時期的哺乳類及其他動物種類: 1.左鎭動物群以及與其同時期的其他哺乳動物種類可能包括:劍齒象科五種:中國劍齒象、東方劍齒象、曙光劍齒象、顯明劍齒象、明石劍齒象;普通象科三種:臺灣猛獁象、副猛獁古亞洲象、副原齒象。鹿科約九到十二種:臺灣梅花鹿、新竹梅花鹿、臺灣四不像、水鹿未定種、Metacervulus astylodon、似步氏麂、臺灣古麅(?)、C. kazusensis、巨角鹿,另有未定種的梅花鹿、麂、以及麅屬化石等。牛科動物有牛亞科的三種:水牛未定種、Bibos geron、Tragoceras sp.。豬科可能有五種:侯氏豬、似南方豬、河豬、似李氏野豬、野豬未定種;貓科可能有二種:虎、「劍齒虎」(?)以及中國犀牛早坂亞種、河馬(?)、似華南巨貘或巨貘未定種、獼猴未定種、海豚、苑裡偽虎鯨、未定屬鯨目動物等;另有臺灣馬來鱷、長吻鱷(?)、鼈未定種等其他脊椎動物。地質時代為早更新世中期,其下限則可能晚到中更新世早期。 2.中更新世晚期到更新世結束的「臺灣陸橋動物群」,以及同時期的其他脊椎動物包括有:象科可能有四種:諾曼象澎湖亞種、納瑪象、普通猛獁象、亞洲象。鹿科可能有十種:臺灣梅花鹿、東北梅花鹿(?)、達氏四不像、帝汶黑鹿、史氏水鹿、似古蝦夷鹿、似日本古鹿、臺灣小麂、鹿未定種一、鹿未定種二。牛科牛亞科可能有五種:德氏水牛、楊氏水牛、水牛未定種、原牛、野牛;牛科羊亞科可能有一種:蘇門羚。馬科有普氏野馬中國亞種、以及大連馬;食肉目可能有五種:虎、棕熊、黑熊(?)、最後斑鬣狗、似浣熊貉、狼(?);另有雙角犀、犀未定種、似李氏野豬、野豬、晚期智人、以及海生哺乳類的短肢領航鯨、長鬚鯨與海豚等。此外,同時期的脊椎動物有揚子鱷、常武斑龜、金龜、潘氏召龜、劉潘氏鼈等爬蟲類。 3.「考古動物群」中,「先陶時代」時,有確切存在證據的哺乳動物為野豬與鹿。新石器時代早期則有野牛、鹿、與某些海生哺乳類。在新石器時代中期,考古證據顯示,當時有史氏水鹿、臺灣梅花鹿、臺灣小麂、野豬、儒艮,以及可能自外地輸入的狗。從新石器時代晚期開始,有較多的材料,說明臺灣當時存在哺乳動物的眞實情形,在本期存在有:史氏水鹿、臺灣梅花鹿、臺灣小麂、豬、石虎、麝香貓、白鼻心、臺灣野兔、鼠科動物、老鼠、灰鯨、儒艮、以及狗(或熊?)、羊(?)、猴(?)等,在考古遺址中留下記錄。「金屬器時代」則有:野豬、史氏水鹿、臺灣梅花鹿、臺灣小麂、貓科動物、麝香貓、鬼鼠、松鼠、臺灣獼猴、兔子(?)、羊(?)、以及可能為馴養的豬與狗。「歷史時代」,因為過去考古工作較少,資料十分不足,目前可確定有鹿、臺灣小麂、豬、山羊、食肉類、兔,但在這一時期,頭一次在考古遺址中,出土了牛的骨骼。 4.從十七世紀初開始,一直到近代動物學在臺灣發展為止的這一段時間,本文稱之為「歷史文獻時期」,於此期間,方志與公、私著述所記錄的臺灣本土哺乳動物種類,已經涵蓋了大部份今日所知的種屬,至於其中是否可能另有已經絕滅的動物,則尚待未來動物考古學研究的證實。 此外,作者並討論了諸如過去臺灣是否存在過海南坡鹿、是否有土生牛種存活於歷史時期、以及在歷史文獻記錄中出現鹿名的確實種屬等相關問題。

並列摘要


This paper is the first paper of the author concerning the re-organization and studies of the background materials for Taiwan zooarchaeology. It details and discusses the mammalian faunas and other large vertebrate animals existing in Taiwan in different periods of time. According to the nature of the materials analyzed, the paper can be divided into three parts and a synthetic discussion. Part Ⅰ: The Pleistocene Faunas (Ⅰ). The Chochen (or Zuo-zhen) Fauna In this part, the author discusses the species of Pleistocene mammals in Taiwan. Source materials for this discussion are mainly from the quantities of palaeotological reports published since the time of Japanese Occupation. In this part, he first divides the Taiwan Pleistocene mammals into two groups: The early group is called 'the Chochen (or Zuo-zhen, 左鎭) Fauna”, named by Shikama et al. in 1975 after a batch of animal fossils discovered on the riverbeds of the Cai-Liao Stream (菜寮溪) in the Zuo-zhen area of Tainan County. Taking mammalian fossils unearthed in situ from the Zuo-zhen area as a basis for correlation, and combining the information concerning the stratigraphical range of various known fossils of the East Asian and South Asian regions, the author analyzed and compared the mammalian fossils from the Zuo-zhen area and 29 other localities in Taiwan. He argues that the mammalian remains at these localities basically can be categorized as Chochen Mammalian Fauna in the broad sense. According to these analyses, the author argues that the broad sense Chochen Mammalian Fauna and other, contemporary vertebrate animals include: stegodonts: Stegodon sinensis, S. cf. orientalis, S. insignis, S. (Parastegodon) akashiensis, S. (P.) aurorae; elephants: Mammuthus armeniacus taiwanicus, Elephas hysudricus paramammonteus, Archidiskodon paramammonteus; rhinos: Rhinoceros sinensis hayasakai; tapirs: Megatapirus cf. angustus or Megatapirus sp.; hippos: Hippopotamus sp. (?); bovids: Bubalus sp., Bibos geron, Bison sp.; cervids: Elaphurus formosanus, Cervus (Sika) sintikuensis, C. (S.) nippon taiouanus, C. (S.) sp., C. (Rusa) sp., Cervus sp., C. (Depéretia) kazusensis, Metacervulus astylodon, Muntiacus cf. bohlini, Muntiacus sp., Eucladoceros sp., Capreolus sp.; suids: Sus houi, Sus cf. australis, Sus sp., Sus cf. lydekkeri, Potamochoerus sp.; macaques: Macaca sp.; felines: Panthera cf. tigris or Panthera sp., and probably Felis (Machairodus?) sp.; dolphins: Delphinidae gen. et sp. indet.; whales: Pseudorca yunliensis and Cetacea. A comparison of the Chochen Fauna and a few representative faunas of southern Chinese mainland, including those of early Early Pleistocene Yuan-mou (元謀), middle Early Pleistocene Liu-Cheng (柳城), early Middle Pleistocene Guan-yin Dong (觀音洞) and mid Middle Pleistocene Yan-Jing-Gou (鹽井溝) indicates that the geological age of the Chochen Fauna was mid Early Pleistocene and its upper limit could be as late as early Middle Pleistocene. (Ⅱ). 'The Taiwan Landbridge Fauna' Fossil remains of later Pleistocene fauna came mainly from the P'eng Hu (or Pong-hu 澎湖) waters in the eastern part of the Taiwan Strait, the Taiwan shoals around the Dong-shan Island (東山島) in the western part of the Taiwan Strait, the Tainan area and the Hsi-yu Island (or Xi-yu-dao, 西嶼島) of the P'eng Hu County. This region is between 23 and 24 degrees north latitudes. It belongs to the continental shelf and the topography of the sea floor of this region is quite level. Its ecological conditions in ancient time should be rather uniform. When this region became land during the Late Pleistocene, aside from the slight variations in vegetation because of regional differences in elevation and the coverage of ancient rivers, the distribution of animals also should be rather uniform. And a single fauna zone was born. Therefore, the author tentatively calls this fauna 'the Taiwan Landbridge Fauna'. The 'Taiwan Landbridge Fauna' and other contemporary vertebrate animals include: Elephants: Palaeoloxodon namadicus, P. naumanni penghunensis, Mammuthus primigenius, Elephas maximus, and/or Elephas sp.; rhinos: Dicerorhinus sp. and/or Rhinocerotidae gen. et sp. indet.; bovids: Bubalus teilhardi, Bubalus youngi, Bubalus sp., Bison sp., and Bos primigenius; shrews: Capricornis sumatraensis; cervids: Cervus (Sika) cf. palaeozoensis, C. (S.) nippon taiouanus, C. unicolor swinhoei and/or C. (Rusa) timoriensis (?), Cervus sp., C. cf. praenipponicus, Elaphurus davidianus, Muntiacus reevesi micrurus; boars: Sus cf. lydekkeri and Sus scrofa; horses: Equus przewalskii sinensis and Equus dalianensis; tigers: panthera tigris; raccoon dogs: Nyctereutes procyonoides; bears: Ursus arctos and/or Ursus sp.; hyaenas: Crocuta ultima; wolves: Canis lupus (?); whales: Globicepphala macrorhynchus, Balaenoptera sp., Cetacea gen. et sp. indet.; and dolphins. Since the animal remains of the ‘Taiwan Landbridge Fauna' were mostly salvaged from the bottom of the sea, information concerning their strata is lacking and their age is hard to determine. Based on the stratigraphic range of fossil mammals identified, the author disscusses one by one the possibility that a certain animal belongs to the ”Taiwan Landbridge Fauna” or not. Then, he adopts the ”concurrent-range zone” method, taking all the animals that existing time-limit are known into consideration, to determine the geological age of this fauna. He concludes that the age of the 'Taiwan Landbridge Fauna' was probably from late Middle Pleistocene to the end of Pleistocene. According to this method, he further suggests that there might have been subgroups of this fauna. The age of the first subgroup was probably late Middle Pleistocene or as late as early Late Pleistocene. The age of the second subgroup was probably late Late Pleistocene or even as late as the beginning of Holocene. Part Ⅱ: 'The Archaeological Fauna' Taiwan palaeontological source materials become extremely scant for the period after the end of Pleistocene. During this period, definite archaeological cultural remains began to emerge in quantities in Taiwan. In order to study the mammalian species existing in Taiwan during the period from Holocene to the 'historical documentary period', scholars can only count on the 'subfossil' materials unearthed from archaeological sites. Due to the characteristics of the source materials, the author tentatively calls the mammalian fauna existing in Taiwan during this period 'the Archaeological Fauna'. The author has analyzed all the available Taiwan archaeological writings. Also based on his understanding of the current Taiwan archaeological studies, he divides the mammalian fauna source materials of this period into six sections for descriptive purposes. These are: 'Pre-pottery period' (2/30,000←5,000 ±BP), early Neolithic period (6,500-4,500BP), middle Neolithic period (4,700-3,500BP), late Neolithic period (3,500-2,000BP), 'Metal Age' (2,000-400BP), and 'the Historic period' (1,100←400-0BP). According to archaeological evidences, the mammalian fauna of the 'pre-pottery period' include wild boar and deer. The early Neolithic period fauna include cattle (?), deer, and some sea mammals. The middle Neolithic period had rusa and sika deer, muntjac, pig, dugong, and dog. The late Neolithic period had rusa and sika deer, muntjac, pig, money cat, small Chinese civet, Formosan masked civet, hare, squirrel, rat, whale, dugong, dog, and probably goat as well as macaque. In the 'Metal Age', there were rusa and sika deer, muntjac, wild boar, feline, small Chinese civet, macaque, hare, squirrel, rat, goat (?), and domesticated dog and pig. 'Historical period' archaeology in Taiwan was even less studied and mammals existing in this period include deer, muntjac, pig, goat, carnivore and hare. But during this period, cattle bones first appeared in the archaeological sites. Part Ⅲ: The 'Documentary Fauna' In this paper, the period from the beginning of the last years of the sixteenth century till the development of modem zoology in Taiwan is called 'the documentary period'. During this period, archaeological source materials are very scant. But source materials concerning Taiwan faunas in local official accounts and private writings abound. Their description about Taiwan native mammalian species already covers most of the familiar species of today. The author has checked one by one the exact species of all the mammals recorded in Taiwan documents and summarily described their characteristics, habits as well as the habitat they prefer. Also, a complete account of the records concerning their existence in the Pleistocene Taiwan and related archaeological source materials unearthed is given. Thus, the evolution of each species during the various periods is established. According to these researches and analyses, the mammals existing during this period include Formosan sika deer, Formosan rusa deer, Formosan reeves muntjac, eldi deer, Formosan wild boar, Formosan serow, Formosan black bear, Formosan clouded leopard, leopard cat, small Chinese civet, masked civet, Chinese otter, Formosan ferret-badger, mouse, Bandicota indica, squirrel, Mogera insularis, bamboo rat, Formosan hare, Chinese pangolin as well as sea mammals like dugong and Cetacea. Besides, the author has discussed in detail the cervids that once proliferated in quantities in Taiwan. He first discusses the disappearing process of the cervids in Taiwan and then identifies the various cervids whose names appear in the earlier documents, such as lu (鹿), mi (麋), jiang (蔣), 'mountain horse or San-ma' (山馬), ji (麂), and zhang (獐). He suggests that the 'documentary lu' referred to the Formosan sika deer and probably included also the long extinct eldi deer. The 'documentary mi' referred to the present Formosan sambar (rusa) deer. The 'documentary mountain horse' or jammama probably referred to the female Formosan sambar deer. 'Jiang skin' referred to the skin of Formosan sambar deer. The 'documentary ji' and 'documentary zhang' referred to the male and female Formosan reeves muntjac respectively. The latter might also refer to some kind of small cervids which have already disappeared. The now extinct eldi deer was also described. The author further discusses and proves that during the Holocene, bovids survived in the Taiwan region till 5000BP and then disappeared. They did not continue to survive and proliferate into the ”wild cattle or Yie-niu (野牛)” often mentioned in the historical documents. Based on archaeological source materials, the author further suggests that the past distribution of the sea mammal dugong covered the area of P'eng Hu and the Green Island (Lü-dao, 綠島). He also pointed out that according to the documents, bamboo rat probably existed in Taiwan, but was not recorded in modem zoological records because of incomplete investigations. Part Ⅳ: Synthetic Discussion and Conclusion In the last part, the author synthetically discusses the studies of mammalian faunas of the various periods of time that appear in this paper. The first issue concerns representation. It can be seen from the species of the faunas reconstructed by the author that small animals are apparently lacking among the Pleistocene faunas, and species of faunas are seriously inadequate among the 'Archaeological Fauna'. So far as Pleistocene faunas are concerned, in the past palaeontological studies in Taiwan were mainly based on the fracture fossil remains obtained from collecting and fishing. This type of specimens were greatly affected by the screening process. Besides, compared to the large animals, the skeletons of small animals are hard to preserve in the first place. Therefore, the author believes that the lack of small animals among the reconstructed Pleistocene faunas is due to differential preservation and screening. It is generally thought that since the time of Holocene, animal species have gone little change and should be similar to those that we see today. The author believes that the inadequacy of archaeological fauna species is due to a number of factors. The soil of Taiwan is mostly acid and corrosive, unsuitable for the preservation of organic matters. Ancient people exploited animal resources selectively is another factor. However, the main reason is: Zooarchaeological studies have not yet been fully developed and many unearthed animal skeletons have not yet been identified. With the gradual development of zooarchaeological studies in Taiwan, more satisfactory reconstruction of species can be expected. Secondly, palaeontological and archaeological records concerning Taiwan animals provide only doubtful species identification. Scientific names for most Pleistocene mammal are provided. Yet because of the difficiency of specimens for comparative studies and because of inadequate knowledge or over-reliance on certain palaeontological source materials of the peripheral regions, results of identification are often less than perfect. Because of the Japanese education background of the palaeontologists in the Japanese Occupation period, and because during that period scholars were familiar with only a few faunal assemblages in China and South Asia, these researches obviously adopted Okinawan and Japanese animals as their main specimens for comparisons in their Taiwan palaeontological studies. As a result, not a few Japanese and Okinawan species appeared in the Quarternary faunas of Taiwan. On the other hand, zooarchaeological studies in Taiwan are in their initial stages. In the past, archaeological reports described unearthed animal skeletons, only in a sweeping and vague way. And a few species reports also need further examination. Finally, the author discusses the contributions of Taiwan zooarchaeological studies and 'Documentary Fauna' analyses on the zoohistorical and zoological studies of Taiwan. The author argues that the time span of the animal bones obtained in archaeological work was from 7,000BP to the 'historical period' and this is a very longterm animal 'bone warehouse'. In this approximately 7,000 years, they not only provide direct evidence for the animal species existing in this period, but are also important and only source materials for the studies of the evolution, extinction, and temporal and spatial distribution of native Taiwan animals. And some well preserved specimens can provide source materials for the molecular biological studies on the evolution of native Taiwan animals. The time span of early Taiwan historic documents is about four hundred years. These documents are the only source materials concerning the mammalian faunas in historical period, aside from the unearthed remains and the 'bone warehouse' of the aboriginals' trophy. The reorganization of these source materials, besides enabling us to understand the degree of zoological knowledge of the ancients during a certain period of time and their progress for knowing certain specific animals, can also enable us to understand the changes of animal habitats and distribution as well as their declining and extinction process. It can also enable us to discover species that have already become extinct or have so far not yet been discovered by investigations. And documentary researches can also reveal the early conditions of the sea mammals that run aground or are caught as well as the declining process of the cervids in Taiwan.

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被引用紀錄


江慶華(2011)。臺灣梅花鹿類緣關係與族群之分子遺傳結構研究〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2011.02098

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