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臺灣閩、客語使成述補結構中的虛指代詞「伊/佢」

The Dummy Pronouns Yi/Gi in the Causative Verb-Complement Construction in Taiwanese Southern Min and Taiwanese Hakka

摘要


本文探討臺灣閩南語和客語同類型的使成述補結構-「V予伊/分佢R」(R表結果補語resultative complement),旨在分析其中第三人稱代詞的「伊/佢」的虛指用法,並查究其形成的經過和原因。文章首先說明這一類構式具有表說話者目的及處置的語義特性,繼而闡述「伊/佢」的指稱情形:當R的語義指向V的受事或前文已提過的名詞性成分時,「伊/佢」的語義相對比較實在;若R的語義指向動詞或施事主語,「伊/佢」的指代性便隨之減弱,甚或消失。參酌歷史上同源結構的用法得以推知,閩、客語「伊/佢」的虛化應是由於「V予伊/分佢R」格式的類推作用所致:R由原本受事取向的成分,擴展至主語及動詞取向,而「伊/佢」的指稱意涵也隨之泛化,此時虛指代詞「伊/佢」的存在顯然是為了填補句法結構上的空缺所設。另值得一提的是,閩、客語「V予伊/分佢R」所表達的語義頗能與普通話的「V他(一)個R」格式相比附。其原因除了它們皆與雙賓結構密切相關之外,還因為第三身代詞的使用,充分體現了言者的主觀性。

並列摘要


This article discusses the causative verb-complement constructions "V hoo yi R" in Taiwanese Southern Min and "V pun gi R" in Taiwanese Hakka, analyzing the dummy usages of the third-person pronouns yi/gi and tracing their origins. (Here, "R" stands for a resultative complement.) The construction signifies the speaker's intention and disposal. The referentiality of yi/gi is rather stable when R semantically refers to the patient or any noun phrase in the prior discourse; however, the referentiality weakens when R semantically refers to the agent or the action verb. The cognate constructions of "V hoo yi R / V pun gi R" in history show that the grammaticalization of yi/gi results from analogy. The R in this "V hoo yi R / V pun gi R" construction only referred to the patient at first, but later the verb-referring and the agent-referring R constructions were allowed. The referentiality of yi/gi in both constructions weakened, and the dummy yi/gi inserted were simply to fill a grammatical slot. Equally noticeable is the semantic comparability of "V hoo yi R / V pun gi R" and "V ta (yi) ge R" in Mandarin Chinese, which can be ascribed to their double object constructions and the use of the third-person pronouns yi/gi/ta that signify the speaker's subjectivity.

參考文獻


Hui-Chi Lee, “Ka…Hoo Constructions in Taiwan Southern Min.” Taiwan Journal of Linguistics, 7.2(2009), pp. 25-48.
魏培泉:〈說中古漢語的使成結構〉,《中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊》第71卷第4期(2000年12月)。
郭維茹:〈論「喝他個痛快」中虛指「他」的來源――兼及其他帶虛指「他」的構式〉,《清華學報》第 44 卷第 4 期(2014 年 12 月)。
江敏華:〈東勢客家話「同」與「分」的語法特徵及二者之間的關係〉,《語言暨語言學》第 7 卷第 2 期(2006 年 4 月)。
Huei-Ling Lai, “On Hakka BUN: A Case of Polygrammaticalization.” Language and Linguistics, 2.2(2001), pp. 137-153.

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