「人權與主權的對立、共存與規避」：論述《國家保護責任》在人道干預上的意涵及重要性

The Relevance of Confrontation, Coexistence and Circumvention between the Sovereignty and Human Rights: Some Reflections on the Discourse of the "Responsibility to Protect" and Its Value, Significance in Humanitarian Intervention

蔡育岱(Yu-Tai Tsai)

《東吳政治學報》 28卷4期 (2010/12) Pp. 1-36

https://doi.org/10.6418/SJPS.201012.0001

摘要

本文旨在對《國家保護責任》（俗稱R2P）概念進行探討。《國家保護責任》為2001年加拿大「干預和國家主權委員會」為回應前聯合國秘書長安南而提出。「保護責任」核心為主權國家有責任保護其國家公民免遭四種罪行的迫害：包括種族滅絕、戰爭罪行、違反人道罪以及種族淨化等，強調主權國家有一種保護其所有公民的責任，倘若國家無此能力，必須由更廣泛的國際社會來承擔此一責任。然而這種屬人道干預的「保護責任」倡議卻明顯的違背傳統主權國家的「不干預」、「主權平等」等原則。鑑於冷戰後國際社會對保護人民轉而介入破壞主權原則爭論不休，爰本文目的將在「保護責任」的架構下，以「對立、共存與規避」概念探析人權與主權關聯、《國家保護責任》的法源基礎，以及國際社會目前的具體實踐，用以檢視《國家保護責任》是否已成為國際社會中的新規範，繼而論述《國家保護責任》在人道干預上的意涵及重要性。

關鍵字

國家保護責任 ； 國際人權 ； 人道干預 ； 干預和國家主權委員會

並列摘要

The term ”Responsibility to Protect” was first presented in the report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, ICISS in December 2001. The Commission had been formed in response to Kofi Annan's question of when the international community must intervene for human protection purposes. The R2P stresses that states have the primary responsibility to protect their population from the action of humanitarian intervention. It focuses on the responsibility of the international community to take timely and decisive action to prevent and halt genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes and crimes against humanity when a state is manifestly failing to protect its population. However, obviously, humanitarian intervention, as advocates of R2P, has rightly threatened the traditional rights of sovereign nations. There is a conflict between the R2P and other norms in the institution of sovereignty, such as non-interference and sovereign equality. Also, the argument has gained ground that, in certain cases, the only way to protect human rights is for the international community to violate the sovereignty of a particular state in order to protect the human rights of people within that state. Hence, how this problem plays itself out, and how it affects the status of the concept in sovereignty will be explored in this paper.
In addition, in order to determine whether it is justified to speak of R2P as an emerging norm of international society, this paper explores a discussion of the relevance of human rights and sovereignty, analyzing the concept of the R2P and its legal basis and how the approach of confrontation, coexistence and circumvention between the sovereignty and the R2P is currently being implemented and practiced by the international society. Finally, the paper explores a discussion of some reflections on the discourse of the ”Responsibility to Protect” and its value and significance in humanitarian intervention.

並列關鍵字

responsibility to protect ； international human rights ； humanitarian intervention ； ICISS

參考文獻

許國賢(2008)。民主統治與防衛式人民主權。東吳政治學報。26(2)，1-38。

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