墓葬、宗教與區域作坊－試論北魏墓葬中的佛教圖像

本文嘗試透過考古材料來檢視北魏墓葬圖像與佛教圖像之間的關係。北魏平城時期出現將佛教圖像納入墓葬的現象，隨著北魏的漢化，洛陽時期墓葬中的佛教圖像較為淡化。北魏平城時期可以納入墓葬中的佛教圖像已經過了一定的選擇，這與東漢末、魏晉時期的墓葬中，直接以佛像作為裝飾的方式不同。此外，在部分個案中可以見到同一地區的作坊不僅製作了地下的墓葬圖像，同時也製作了地上的佛教造像。這類區域作坊可能有利於圖像、風格在墓葬與佛教造像之間輾轉流通。

關鍵字

北魏；墓葬；佛教；圖像；區域作坊

並列摘要

This article attempts to examine the relationship between tomb images and Buddhist icons in terms of archaeological found of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Buddhist icons were decorated in the tombs in the Pingcheng area during the Northern Wei Dynasty. Following the sinicization of the Northern Wei, however, Buddhist icons were less distinguishable in the tombs of the Luoyang period. The Buddhist images were put into the tombs without selection in the Eastern Han or the Wei-Jin periods. While after gaining further knowledge of Buddhism, people in the Pingcheng period became more cautious of arranging the Buddhist images in the tombs, and the images of Buddha were carefully excluded. In some cases, the regional workshops not only made the underground tomb images, but also manufactured the Buddhist statues on the ground. The regional workshops which made both tomb images and Buddhist icons contributed to the circulation of images, styles and craftsmanship between tomb images and Buddhist images.