國際體系行為者的界定與權力關係

國際關係研究對於國際體系的特性與本質有諸多探索，基本上各家學說多視國家為體系內最重要且具關鍵性作用的行為者，對於非國家行為者的討論固然亦未偏廢，然多集中於討論國際組織、非政府國際組織與跨國企業在國際體系內之活動與重要性。由社會建構主義的觀點出發，國家固然是建構國際社會結構的主要能動者，不過其他非國家行為者亦應具備能動性，並且在建構國際結構的過程中發生作用。不同行為者在國際結構不斷地生產與再生產國家至上的規範，形成當今國際社會獨尊國家的結構化過程。這種獨尊國家的國際文化，也就是所謂的西發利亞文化，它的建構與不斷再製的過程，規範了國際社會中不同種類行為者的社會地位與權力資源，更進而約束了所有種類行為者的行為。經由回顧國際關係研究對於國際體系行為者的討論，本文首先介紹選定國際體系行為者的爭辯，其次描述新現實主義的國家中心立場，並評論行為者單方面受結構束縛的看法。爾後從社會建構主義的二元結構化觀點出發，探素具備能動性行為者在結構中的作用，並且推演主權國家至上的西發利亞體系乃是一個國際文化。最後就社會結構的層面，勾勒國際行為者的地位差異及其意義，並檢討國際行為者間的權力差序現象。

關鍵字

非國家行為者；西發利亞文化；國家；國際體系；權力

並列摘要

International relations have explored much the nature and characters of the international system, in which different theorists regard that state is the most important and decisive actor. Though there are numerous discussions on the non-state actors in the international system, much is put on the activities of international organizations, non-governmental organizations as well as multinational companies.The Social Constructivism outlines that the state is the primary agent which constructs the international social structure, however, we can not exclude the fact that other non-state actors are also actors with agency, who plays a role in the process of international structure construction. Different actors produce and reproduce in the international structure the international norms of state superiority. The international culture of state superiority is called the Westphalia system, whose process of constructing and reconstructing forge international actors' social status, power resources as well as the constraints upon their behavior.In this article, author first introduces the arguments on the designation of the international actors. Then the state-centric position of the neorealism is under analysis which reviews the perspectives of the behavior constrain posed unitary by the international structure on the actors. The idea of Social Constructivism about the duality of structure will be the third part which searches the on-going effect of agents in the process of constructing and reconstructing the social structure. Author concludes that Westphalia system is an international culture within which the actors' power hierarchical status is legalized and legitimated.

並列關鍵字

international system ； non-state actor ； power ； state ； Westphalia system

參考文獻

陳欣之(2003)。安全研究之理論演化及挑戰。遠景基金會季刊。4(3)，1-40。

曾雅真(2007)。從議程設定論國際經貿規範之法制化：以「市場擾亂」概念的發展與演化爲例。問題與研究。46(3)，85-124。

陳欣之(2007)。國際體系層級的建構與霸權統治。問題與研究。46(2)，23-52。

(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000. "The OECD Declaration and Decisions on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises." in OECD: http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2000doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00002BE6/$FILE/00085743.PDF, Available: 2008/8/8).http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2000doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00002BE6/$FILE/00085743.PDF