Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation (1963-1966) and the Peace Talks for Restoration of Relationship

Rohani Hj. Ab Ghani ； Mat Zin Mat Kib ； Azlizan Mohd Eah

《Tamkang Journal of International Affairs》 23卷3期 (2020/01) Pp. 103-142

https://doi.org/10.6185/TJIA.V.202001_23(3).0003

摘要

A concept of confrontation related with a concept applies to a conflict between two parties that can occur either economically or with force. In the history of Malaysia's relations with Indonesia, armed confrontations arose from 1963 to 1966. Before the confrontation, Indonesia was the closest country to Malaysia compared with other neighboring state in the region. It is due to the similarities in many aspects including nation, language, religion and culture and hence they are referred as kinship nation (bangsa serumpun). In the historical side, these two nations contributed a great civilization in this Malay Archipelago, known as Nusantara. Indonesia's confrontation policy over Malaysia in 1963 to 1966 was launched by President Sukarno. Sukarno declared ＂Crush Malaysia＂ to show his anger towards the formation of Malaysia which led by Malaysian Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman in 1963. The confrontation which lasted for three years had finally been resolved through a series of negotiations. Significantly the elements kinship nations were re-emphasized and became the strong factors that facilitating the negotiation of ending the conflict in Bangkok Treaty in 1966. This paper discusses the history of confrontation and peace talks made by both countries which led to the signing of the Malaysia-Indonesia normalisation relations treaty. The signing of Bangkok Treaty proves that the ＂soft power＂ element (negotiation) is more significant in ending the conflict. The major finding of this article is, the end of the confrontation has been much anticipated by the people of both countries. The confrontation also ended in a short period of time due to the spirit of brotherhood between Malaysia-Indonesia.

關鍵字

Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation ； Nusantara ； Bangkok Treaty ； President Sukarno ； Tunku Abdul Rahman

參考文獻

Nik Mahmud, Nik Anuar. Konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia [Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation]. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2000.

Research Department Memorandum, The Origin and formation of Malaysia, 10 July 1970. NA, FCO 51/154, RR7/1.23990.

Singapore to Foreign Office, 26 September 1964. NA, DO 169/519, no. 582.

Sir W. Goode in Singapore to State Secretary, 4 May 1959. NA, DO 35/9951, no. 130.

Speech Series of Tunku Abdul Rahman Putera Al-Haj 1959-1960. Kuala Lumpur National Archive, 1985. TAR: 2:11.