葉菜類蔬菜平衡施肥策略之探討

Strategy of Balanced Fertilization on Leafy Vegetables

王重勝(Chong-Sheng Wang) ； 陳仁炫(Jen-Hshuan Chen)

《臺灣農業化學與食品科學》 47卷1期 (2009/02) Pp. 25-37

https://doi.org/10.6578/TJACFS.2009.004

摘要

以培育試驗偵測化學肥料和有機肥料之不同養分釋放特性及對土壤和作物之貢獻，擬定施用有機肥料配合化學肥料並滿足作物養分需求特性的平衡施肥策略，可兼顧經濟、高效及減輕環境衝擊等效益。本研究之目的在於偵測禽畜糞堆肥施用後的氮和磷經時釋出特性，以擬定結合有機與無機肥培方式之平衡施肥策略，室內培育試驗係以不同劑量禽畜糞堆肥、尿素和過磷酸鈣的施用，由結果繪出禽畜糞堆肥在不同時間之氮肥和磷肥取代能力圖和淨取代能力圖。利用盆栽種植甘藍的方式，依作物施肥手冊中之甘藍三要素推薦量視為化學肥料施用量，設計八種處理：(1)對照組(CK)：不施用任何肥料的對照組；(2)化學肥料組(CF)，依推薦量施用化學肥料的對照組；(3)禽畜糞堆肥組Ⅰ(N50)：將禽畜糞堆肥之氮釋出率定為50%，並依據作物氮需求施用之禽畜糞堆肥用量；(4)禽畜糞堆肥組Ⅱ(P30)：將禽畜糞堆肥之磷釋出率定為30%，並依據作物磷需求施用之禽畜糞堆肥用量；(5)禽畜糞堆肥配施化學肥料組Ⅰ(N50F)：施用同N50處理的禽畜糞堆肥用量，再以化學肥料補充不足之氮量；(6)禽畜糞堆肥配施化學肥料組Ⅱ(P30F)：施用同P30處理的禽畜糞堆肥用量，再以化學肥料補充不足之磷量；(7)禽畜糞堆肥配施化學肥料組Ⅲ(BF1)：施用同P30處理的禽畜糞堆肥用量，並由取代能力圖，計算禽畜糞堆肥之氮和磷經時釋出量，再以化學肥料補充不足之用量；(8)禽畜糞堆肥配施化學肥料組Ⅳ(BF2)：考慮土壤肥力、調整肥料用量，將禽畜糞堆肥之磷釋出率定為30%，並依據作物磷需求施用之禽畜糞堆肥用量，並由取代能力圖計算禽畜糞堆肥之氮和磷經時釋出量，以化學肥料補充不足之量。培育試驗結果顯示，禽畜糞堆肥在大里系土壤中培育20週時，氮和磷釋出率分別為42%和22%。盆栽試驗結果顯示，有機肥料處理對乾物產量和氮吸收量之提升效果較佳。滿足氮需求施用禽畜糞堆肥之處理在種植兩種作物時，均有累積土壤中可溶性鹽類和磷的現象，滿足磷需求者對氮供應均不足，若以化學肥料補充滿足磷需求之處理者，則可改善氮供應不足的現象，亦可降低鹽類和磷的累積。此外，考慮土壤肥力，調整肥料用量之平衡施肥處理，具增加產量和提升氮吸收量之效果，且無負面效應。綜合試驗結果，以BF2處理推薦作為葉菜類甘藍之平衡施肥策略。

關鍵字

禽畜糞堆肥 ； 合理化施肥 ； 最佳管理策略

並列摘要

Determining the different nutrients release and contribution of organic and chemical fertilizers to soils and crops with incubation experiments and planning a balanced fertilization strategy to satisfy the requirements of crops by applying organic fertilizers with chemical ones have the advantages of economic, fertilizer efficiency and environment safety. The objectives of this research were to detect the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) release of animal compost applied in soils as a function of time, to plan the balanced fertilization strategy by using organic and chemical fertilizers together. Laboratory incubation experiment was conducted with different added amounts of animal composts, ureas, and superphosphates, and the results were figured as a function of time for replacing or net replacing chemical fertilizers by organic ones. Cabbages are planted in pots, and the recommended N-P-K amounts were regarded as the application amounts for the chemical fertilizer treatments, and eight treatments were established: (i) check (CK): unfertilized check; (ii) chemical fertilizers (CF): fertilized check; (iii) animal compost Ⅰ (N50): the applied amounts of animal compost were estimated according to the N requirement of crops and the N release rate at 50%; (iv) animal compost Ⅱ (P30): the applied amounts of animal compost were estimated according to the P requirement of crops and the P release rate at 30%; (v) animal compost with chemical fertilizers Ⅰ (N50F): the applied amounts of animal compost were equal to N50 treatment, and chemical fertilizers were added to reach the recommended N-P-K amounts; (vi) animal compost with chemical fertilizers Ⅱ (P30F): the applied amounts of animal compost were equal to P30 treatment, and chemical fertilizers were added to reach the recommended N-P-K amounts; (vii) animal compost with chemical fertilizers Ⅲ (BF1): the applied amounts of animal compost were estimated according to the P requirement of crops and the P release rate at 30%, and chemical fertilizers were added to reach the recommended N-P-K amounts by calculating the N and P release amounts with net replacing figures; (viii) animal compost with chemical fertilizers Ⅳ (BF2): the applied amounts of animal compost were estimated according to the P requirement of crops and the P release rate at 30%, and chemical fertilizers were added to reach the recommended N-P-K amounts by calculating the N and P release amounts with net replacing figures, while the recommended amounts were increased or decreased according to the soil fertility. The results of incubation experiments showed that the N and P release rate of animal compost applied in Tali soil after 20 weeks were 42% and 22%, respectively. The pot results showed that organic fertilizer treatments resulted in higher yields and N uptake than chemical ones. Animal compost application based on N needs for two crops both resulted in soil accumulation of P and soluble salts, however, application based on P needs both resulted in deficient N. Applying additional N as fertilizer, could improve the N deficiency, and lower the soil accumulation of soluble salts and P. In addition, the balanced fertilization treatment that adjusted the recommended N-P-K amounts according to soil fertility, could reinforce the improvement on yields and N uptake, however, it couldn't arise the negative effect together. Thus, summing up the results, the BF2 treatment was recommended as the balanced fertilization strategy for cabbages.

並列關鍵字

Animal compost ； Balanced fertilization ； Best management practices