尋找中國NGOs：兩種路徑與困境

In Search of NGOs in Contemporary China: The Two Approaches and Dilemmas

王信賢(Hsin-Hsien Wang) ； 李宗義(Tsung-Yi Lee)

《社會科學論叢》 2卷2期 (2008/10) Pp. 113-145

https://doi.org/10.30401/RSS.200810_2(2).0003

摘要

歷經近三十年的改革，中國大陸正進行一場劇烈的政經社會變遷，而為適應市場經濟的發展，中共所採取的治理模式亦發生改變，其中最明顯的就是重構國家機器，所造成的效應便是國家、市場與社會三角關係的重整。而「組織」作為制度變遷最明顯的分析單位，也成為我們觀察中國「國家－社會」關係轉變的最佳視角，尤其是近年來快速成長的社會組織。本文的目的即在尋找當前中國「真正」的NGO，作者將中國社會組織分為四類，並提出兩種可能路徑，其中之一是在特定部門主導下的GONGO產生變革，另一則是期待草根組織的成長，然而，此兩路徑也同時存在困難，就前者而言，由於其具「小金庫」與「安插人事」的功能，要特定官僚部門放棄掌控頗為困難；就後者而言，目前雖有諸多組織已具備NGO的特質，但在現行制度環境下仍屬「不合法」，使得在組織運作與生存上都出現困境，而在黨國體制往往視「組織性」力量為「洪水猛獸」的情況下，其未來的發展亦有所侷限。

關鍵字

後極權資本主義發展型國家 ； 國家－社會關係 ； 分類控制 ； 非政府組織 ； 政府組織的非政府組織 ； 草根組織

並列摘要

Over the past three decades, the Chinese economy has moved dramatically away from the model of socialist planning and into the new world of market forces. During the process, the CCP has made a wide range of efforts to reform its institutions of economic and soical govermance. The result to all these changes is the emergence of a new set to institutional arrangements. The dramatic changes and significant consequences stirred by the development of social organizations have drawn much attention to the subject. The transitions have caused changes ont only in the economic and social structures but also in the whole perception of a proper state-society relationship, and more importantly, in how the CCP combines the introduction of market forces and the emerging social groups with tight political control. It is necessary to model and document exactly what effect are produced.
This paper is discussing alternative approaches to Leninist transitions and noting some implications for further research. It develops a new framework named ”Post-Totalitarian capitalist Developmental State” to analyze the changes of state-society relationship in China. Instead we employ a framework that is based on the post-totalitarian regime and development state model. Due to the capacity of social organizations to challenge the party-state authority and the public good they can provide, the state exerts different strategies to control the emerging social forces. Accordingly, the social organizations are classified into four categories. This paper points out two possible approaches to search for the ”authentic” NGOs and explore their dilemma in China. The line of analysis seeks to explain how pluralizing socioeconomic changes induced by market reforms co-exist with the continued dominance of the party-state.

並列關鍵字

Post-Totalitarian Capitalist Developmental State ； state-society relationship ； differential control ； Non-Governmental Organization NGO ； Government Organized NGO GONGO ； grassrotts organization