西班牙當代偵探小說中的文化他者與去疆域化

端看西班牙的歷史脈絡，卡斯提亞（Castilla）相對於其周邊地域（peripheral territories），特別是巴斯克（El País Vasco）、加利西亞（Galicia）及卡塔盧尼亞（Cataluña）省份而言，始終具有中樞領導的地位。隨著卡斯提亞王國擊敗摩爾人的入侵而成功地收復失地，這些周邊地域之子民逐漸淪為次要、邊緣的地位，形成所謂的「文化他者」（the cultural other）。直到八○年代，隨著佛朗哥獨裁時代的結束，西班牙文壇掀起出版少數語言的作品風潮，包括以少數語言書寫的偵探小說，對於國族認同、變遷、移居、邊緣性等相關主題皆有深入的省思及探究。瑪莉亞─安東尼亞‧奧莉薇（Maria-Antònia Oliver）的《紫色的研究》（Estudi en lila, 1985）、《對蹠地》（Antípodes, 1988）是一系列以巴塞隆納地區的女性私家偵探羅妮亞（Lònia Guiu）為主角之偵探小說。作品中，羅妮亞具有強烈的社會意識，非常執著於辦案，強調性解放、兩性平等，時時挑戰男性公共領域，是西班牙的女硬漢及自由女性主義派的代言者。卡洛斯‧宮沙雷斯‧雷伊國薩（Carlos González Reigosa）以加利西亞語言寫作，至今已出版以私家偵探尼瓦爾多‧卡斯楚（Nivardo Castro）為主角、記者卡洛斯‧宮德（Carlos Conde）為助手的四部偵探小說。《犯案在宮伯斯德拉》（Crimen en Compostela, 1984）是加利西亞地區第一部硬漢偵探小說，作品在結構上，融合了美式硬漢偵探小說的元素，雖以建商大亨在宮伯斯德拉市的離奇謀殺案件為故事出發點，然而作者以象徵的手法試圖重建加利西亞的輝煌歷史，尋覓「他者」的文化根源及認同。《卡爾維斯在巴斯克地區》（Gálvez en Euskadi）於 1983年出版，是霍爾赫‧馬爾丁涅斯‧雷菲爾得（Jorge Martínez Reverte）以胡立歐‧卡爾維斯（Julio Gálvez）為主角所書寫的一系列偵探小說之第二部作品。作者以身為非巴斯克居民的身分，希望藉著本作品的出版以了解巴斯克地區的複雜現況，並釐清巴斯克分離主義、國家主義及恐怖組織埃塔（ETA）所引發的衝突論述。本論文將聚焦於瑪莉亞─安東尼亞‧奧莉薇、卡洛斯‧宮沙雷斯‧雷伊國薩及霍爾赫‧馬爾丁涅斯‧雷菲爾得的偵探小說文本分析，試圖探索當代三位作家如何跳脫美國硬漢偵探小說文體的模式，再現西班牙因性別、種族、社會意識形態、語言方面的差異所造成的「文化他者」偵探身分，以傳達其異質性（heterogeneity）、自主性及去邊緣化（demarginalization）的特質。

關鍵字

文化他者；身分認同；異質性；去邊緣化；去疆域化；美國硬漢偵探小說

並列摘要

If we look at the historical context of Spain, Castile has held its central dominance over the peripheral territories of the Iberian Peninsula, particularly Galicia, the Basque Country and Catalonia. It is evident that with the victory of the Catholic Monarchs of Castile against the Moorish invasion, the inhabitants of these peripheral regions were relegated to secondary and marginal positions as the cultural others. Until the 1980s, with the end of Franco's dictatorship, numerous writers have managed to empower marginal literary genres written in vernacular languages, and among them detective fiction, which has provided profound reflections on issues of national identity, displacement and marginality. Estudi en lila (Study in Lilac, 1985) and Antípodes (Antipodes, 1988), originally written in Catalan by Maria-Antònia Oliver, are two works of a hard-boiled series which feature Lònia Guiu, a Barcelona-based, professional female private eye, who is dedicated to investigating crimes, quite tough, sexually liberated but with a strong social conscience. Carlos González Reigosa has written extensively in Galician, and up to the present, he has published four detective novels featuring the crime-solving pair of Nivardo Castro, a tough sleuth, and Carlos Conde, a journalist from Santiago de Compostela. Crimen en Compostela (Crime in Compostela), published in 1984, has been considered by the critics as the first hard-boiled crime fiction in Galicia. Structurally, the novel is composed of the conventions of American hard-boiled school. Although the narrative frame is centered on a mysterious murder of a wealthy property developer, our writer attempts to reconstruct Galicia's glorious past and seek the Galicians' cultural roots and identity. Gálvez en Euskadi (1983) is the second detective novel of a series by Jorge Martínez Reverte featuring Julio Gálvez. Being a non-Basque, the author wants to communicate some understanding of the complex Basque situation through the publication of this work. Moreover, Martínez Reverte tries to differentiate between the Basque separatism, the nationalism and the terrorism of ETA, ideologies which have provoked discourses of violence. The present essay aims to study the textual analysis of Estudi en lila and Antípodes by Maria-Antònia Oliver, Crimen en Compostela by Carlos González Reigosa, and Gálvez en Euskadi by Jorge Martínez Reverte. We will explore how these three writers subvert the formula of American hard-boiled tradition, and how they elaborate the representations of detectives as the cultural others with questions of gender, race, ideology and language in order to convey their heterogeneity, autonomy and demarginalization.

並列關鍵字

cultural other ； identity ； heterogeneity ； demarginalization ； American hard-boiled detective fiction

國際替代計量

西班牙當代偵探小說中的文化他者與去疆域化

全文下載

主題瀏覽