明代金門的制度變革與社會轉型－以鹽政改革為中心

Institutional Change and Social Transformation in Jinmen in the Ming Dynasty: On Reforms to the Sale Administration System

鄭振滿(Zhen-Man Zheng)

《歷史人類學學刊》 11卷2期 (2013/10) Pp. 85-107

摘要

明代的鹽政制度改革，不僅涉及鹽業的生產與流通過程，而且涉及賦稅、勞役、社會組織與行政管理等諸多層面，可以說是全方位的制度變革過程。本文從明代鹽政制度改革的宏觀歷史背景，考察元明之際的浯洲鹽場、正統年間的鹽課改折、成化年間的差役優免、萬曆年間的鹽稅加徵、天啟年間的裁撤鹽官等沿革過程，探討國家制度變革對金門社會轉型的影響。作者認為，明代金門是閩南的海防重鎮和主要產鹽區之一，社會經濟的發展受到國家制度的深刻影響。明中葉前後的鹽政改革，導致了金門鹽業經濟的自由化和鹽戶差役的優免、人身依附關係的解脫，促成了明後期金門私人海上貿易的發展、士紳階層的崛起和世家大族的形成。

關鍵字

明代 ； 金門 ； 鹽戶制度 ； 鹽政改革 ； 社會轉型

並列摘要

Reforms to the system of salt administration in the Ming affected not only the production and circulation of salt, but also taxation, corvee labor, social organization and administrative policies. This paper explores the Wuzhou salt fields of Jinmen beginning in the Yuan-Ming transition, and continuing through reforms such as the commutation of salt tax in the Zhengtong era, the exemption of corvee obligations in the Chenghua era, the increase of surtaxes on salt tax in the Wanli period, and the simplification of salt administration personnel in the Tianqi period, in order to discuss the impact of reforms to state systems on social change in Jinmen. Jinmen in the Ming was both an important base for coastal defense and a major salt producing area, so its socio-economic development was profoundly affected by state systems. The reforms to the salt administration in the mid-Ming led to the liberalization of the salt industry and to various exemptions from corvee labor. This led to the weakening of hierarchical social relationships and encouraged the development of Jinmen's private maritime trade, the rise of a gentry stratum, and the formation of powerful lineages.

並列關鍵字

Ming dynasty ； Jinmen ； saltern household administration ； salt administration reform ； social transformation