遼代書法人物考

The Examination of Calligraphic Specialists in Liao Dynasty

莊茹庭(Zhuang, Ru-Ting)

《華岡史學》 5期 (2017/12) Pp. 59-113

摘要

對多數人而言，遼代書法是一個完全陌生的領域，而即便是從事書法研究的學者，也難以說出遼代有何書法成就。主要的原因可能在於我們習慣地把遼當作外族政權，把遼政權下的文化摒除於中國之外。故而數百年來少有人努力於遼代文物的保存維護，致令流傳者絕少，造成研究上極大的困難。惟近數十年來，由於考古出土文物不斷增加，為遼文化的研究者提供了很多新資料，可以更清楚地認識遼代各方面的成就。所謂書法家，應是指有書法理論、書體自成一家風格且影響後世深遠者，如東晉王羲之、初唐四大家之虞世南、歐陽詢、褚遂良、薛稷、並稱「顏筋柳骨」的顏真卿、柳公權，以及北宋宋徽宗者流；但是從目前遼代傳世的資料中，仍無法從中分析出如此具代表性的書法家。本文希望能從書法的角度，證明遼代與傳統中國之間有著深厚的淵源，改變過去將遼代視為外族政權之認知，將遼代納入大中國歷史之中；並且以會寫書法，而且有書跡流存於後世者之書法人物為目標，以「遼代書法人物」為題，簡單介紹遼代書法人物小傳，並粗略描繪當時遼代書法的景況，希望藉此拋磚引玉，讓其他書法研究者對遼代書法產生興趣，並且促進遼代書法的研究工作。因此，本文在整理了前人著述，近人著述和拓本所見遼代書法人物等三大類史料後，一共爬梳、整理出了一百四十八位遼代書法人物，包含帝王、宗室貴族、文人官僚、僧人、道士以及民間士人，包含了各種身分和職業，足見當時書法在遼代非常風行。尤其是寫經事業，更是讓人十分驚嘆，不只僧人參與其中，就連士人也紛紛投入寫經的行列，藝術與宗教結合，讓後世的我們能夠親眼見證遼代書法的成就、痕跡，絕非一無可取或者無可討論。

關鍵字

遼代 ； 書法人物 ； 書法 ； 書人

並列摘要

The knowledge of calligraphic specialists and their lives in Liao Dynasty is a new field for both researchers and common people. Even for professionals on calligraphic history are unable to summarize the calligraphic achievement in this empire. It is because that traditional wisdom usually perceives Liao's reign in northern China as a foreign authority, and intentionally segregates Liao's culture from Chinese legitimacy. From that, Liao's archives and artifacts were both hardly preserved and being spread, leading to the difficulty of related researches. Nevertheless, in recent decades, increasing presence of archaeological relics and artifacts provides rich materials for further understanding of various legacies in Liao Dynasty. The definition of ＂calligraphic specialists＂ in this essay is a term quite distinguished from popular awareness of calligraphers, who usually excelled in calligraphic theories and mastered uniquely calligraphic styles by their own. These calligraphers include Wang Xizhi in Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-42 AD); Four mastering calligraphers in early Tang Dynasty: Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, Chu Suiliang and Xue Ji; Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan who created two genius styles-Yan's Tendons and Liu's bones. These two forms are characterized by Yan's mastery of calligraphic strength and grandness, as well as Liu's expertise on skinny but erective writings; Emperor Huizong of Northern Song Dynasty was known as his ＂Slender Gold＂ style of calligraphy. Comparatively, existing documents illustrate that the talents of calligraphic specialists in Liao Dynasty hardly reached genius level as calligraphers abovementioned. In the perspective of calligraphic investigation, the author looks forward to finding out firm ties between Liao's civilization and Chinese cultural system, in hope of altering stereotype of Liao as foreigner and entitling it in the context of Chinese legitimacy. In this light, this research essentially aims to sort out as many as calligraphic specialists and writers in Liao Dynasty, particularly whose works are existent presently. The stories of these calligraphic specialist will be briefed orderly, with historical background to give readers a big picture about how calligraphy being spread in Liao's society. The fundamental work this research completes hopes to attract more scholarly momentum to devote to the study of calligraphic history in Liao dynasty. Hence, this essay collects and arranges the works in previous centuries with narration of Liao's calligraphic specialists, the biographies of Liao's calligraphic specialists written by scholars in current times, and Stone rubbings or inscriptions: texts of Catalogue of the Fangshan Stone Tripitaka, and Chinese Ancient Stone Rubbings Series. These three categories above help the author to distinguish 148 calligraphic writers with different social classes and occupations, including emperors, nobles, monks, Taoist priests and civilians. This diversity of their backgrounds suggests that calligraphic writings were common in Liao's society, particularly the writings of Buddha classics stimulated a variety of individuals, including monks and scholarly officials, in the calligraphic creations. This pattern of combination of religion and art makes calligraphic development in Liao's dynasty a marvelous one, leaving us an abundance of calligraphers and their works to be appreciated and examined by following scholars.

並列關鍵字

Liao Dynasty ； Calligraphic Specialists ； Calligraphy ； Calligraphers