佛學的宇宙觀與人工智慧的哲學問題

本文的主要目的是討論佛學界有關宇宙實相之論述。本文首先由現代電腦的計算能力極限以及新近發展的「DNA（去氧核醣核酸）電腦」理論出發，論述當今資訊科學的理論指向人腦所具備的某些抽象思考能力是電腦所無法模擬的，同時也不是基因與蛋白質等生化分子的作用所能完成的。這樣的論證基本上否定了西方哲學中「唯物論」（或稱「物質一元論」）的宇宙觀。本文接著討論佛學中各種「空性」的論述。本文提出，如果將近代物理學的觀察導入，則不論是小乘佛教常用的「分破空」、「唯識派」的「觀空」以及「中觀派」的「本性空」其實彼此是互通的，也都是宇宙實相的某一種面向。本文並進一步以類比「能量」乃物質世界最基本元素的方式，提出「心量」的論述。在「心量」的論述中，本文提出所有眾生的「靈識體」（或稱靈魂）均是由「心量」所匯集形成的，就如同物理世界中的所有物質均是由「能量」所匯集形成的情況一樣。倘若有朝一日科學上能夠證實「心量」與「能量」其實是可以互換的，則我們的十方世界就是「心物合一」的。

關鍵字

宇宙觀；唯識論；中觀論；心物合一；心物二元

並列摘要

The main objective of this article is to address cosmologic viewpoints of Buddhists. The discussion begins with the computability of modern computers as well as that of the newly developed ＂DNA computers.＂ This article shows that certain abstract inference capabilities that human beings possess surpass what modern computers are able to realize and what the interactions of biochemical molecules are able to accomplish. This observation basically invalidates materialism. This article then discusses different viewpoints of emptiness in Buddhism based on scientific observations of modern physics. It is concluded in this article that different viewpoints of emptiness addressed by the Theravada Buddhism, Consciousness-only School, and Madhyamika School, in fact present different aspects of the nature of the universe. This article further proposes a conceptual model of ＂mental energy.＂ In this model, every ＂spiritual entity＂ is formed by accumulation of ＂mental energy,＂ which is an analogy of the observation in the physical world that every ＂material entity＂ is formed by accumulation of ＂physical energy.＂ In the future, if scientific evidences confirm that ＂mental energy＂ really exists and that ＂mental energy＂ and ＂physical energy＂ are interchangeable, then mind-matter monism will become the ultimate doctrine to describe the nature of the universe.