人間佛教的道家觀點－以聖嚴法師為例

佛教傳入中國之後，與儒家、道家思想產生激盪，形成互斥互融的微妙關係，而豐富了自身的理論內涵。至明代形成了三教同源之說，以佛教的立場肯定儒道二家，並加以融攝。近代太虛大師的人生佛教，及印順長老所提倡的人間佛教，對於儒、道二家的看法亦有其判攝之道，而學界對人間佛教的關注，多集中在與儒家的關係，對於道家層面的討論十分缺乏，道家思想對於人間佛教的實踐及思想如何助其落實之可能，是值得深入的議題。受到太虛大師、印順長老人間佛教啟發的聖嚴法師，不僅將儒、道二家思想列入「心靈環保」的範疇，對於老莊思想亦屢加引用，因此，本文以聖嚴法師對於道家思想的融攝與批判切入，分成會通、批判與思想檢視三方面探討，以為法師吸納了道家的修養工夫，作為佛教修行的初階，並以之作為人間世基本修養的模範。法師不僅肯定道家思想的價值，在實踐層面的運用也展現出其積極風貌。

關鍵字

聖嚴法師；道家；人間佛教；老子；心靈環保

並列摘要

After Buddhism was transmitted to China from around B.C.E. 2 onward, it met criticism from scholars of Confucianism and Taoism. During this period, as Buddhism was being assimilated and reinterpreted through the incorporation of Confucian and Taoist concepts, it also influenced Chinese culture. Ultimately, the viewpoint: ＂Same Origin of the Three Teachings＂ (三教同源) was developed in the Ming Dynasty. Through the vantage point of humanistic Buddhism, Master Taixu and Yinshun presented their critique of Confucianism and Taoism and incorporated thoughts from these two philosophies into Buddhism. However, scholars of Buddhism have not paid as much attention to Taoism as they have to the relationship between Buddhism and Confucianism. Thus the topic: How Taoist thoughts could assist in practicing Buddhist philosophy in the human realm, is worthy of investigation. Inspired by Master Taixu and Master Yinshun, Master Sheng Yen incorporated Taoist and Confucian thoughts into his philosophy for the protection of the spiritual environment. This paper explores three topics: First, how Master Sheng Yen was receptive to other religions and practices, especially Taoist practices. Second, Master Sheng Yen's critique of Taoist philosophy is summarized. Third, Taoist thoughts found in Master Sheng Yen's philosophy are discussed. I propose that Master Sheng Yen incorporated the Taoist practice of self-cultivation as part of a preliminary Buddhist practice and model for basic cultivation in the mundane world. Not only did Master Sheng Yen affirm the value of Taoist thoughts, he also demonstrated the positive quality of their application in real life.