Acrylamide (AA) has been widely used in industry to produce flocculants and grouting agents as well as in biological laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) by the IARC. Workers are at risk of AA exposures. AA can be metabolized into AA N-acetyl-S-(propionamide)-cysteine (AAMA) and of Glycidamide (GA) N-acetyl-S-(carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine (GAMA2) and N-acetyl-S-(3- amino-2-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-cysteine (GAMA3). Analysis of these mercapturic acids (MAs) can serve as biomarkers for AA exposures and illustrate the metabolism of AA in human. In our study, a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously analyze urinary AAMA, GAMA2 and GAMA3 for the AA-exposed workers. Fifty six AA-exposed workers and 36 controls were recruited and provided a pair of pre- and post-shift urine samples for this study. The results showed the limit of detection (LOD) values were <10 ng/mL (GAMA2) , 20 ng/mL (GAMA3) and 5 ng/mL (AAMA) in urine and the detection rate was 34%, 38% and 92% for GAMA2, GAMA3 and AAMA, respectively. The geometric mean (range) level of GAMA2, GAMA3 and AAMA in the whole collective (n=100) was 38.2 (8.1-343) (μg/g creatinine), 94.9(10.8-1754.6) (μg/g creatinine) and 516.7 (4.7-115843) (μg/g creatinine), respectively. There was a significantly positive correlation between naturally log-transformed concentrations of AAMA and naturally log-transformed GAMA2 and GAMA3 (Pearson correlation: r=0.695, p<0.001). Besides, the pre- and post-shift urinary AAMA concentrations for the AA-exposed workers were higher than those for the controls. These results suggest that AAMA can serve as a sensitive, specific, non-invasive, and easily accessible biomarker for AA exposures.
Acrylamide (AA) has been widely used in industry to produce flocculants and grouting agents as well as in biological laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) by the IARC. Workers are at risk of AA exposures. AA can be metabolized into AA N-acetyl-S-(propionamide)-cysteine (AAMA) and of Glycidamide (GA) N-acetyl-S-(carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-cysteine (GAMA2) and N-acetyl-S-(3- amino-2-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-cysteine (GAMA3). Analysis of these mercapturic acids (MAs) can serve as biomarkers for AA exposures and illustrate the metabolism of AA in human. In our study, a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously analyze urinary AAMA, GAMA2 and GAMA3 for the AA-exposed workers. Fifty six AA-exposed workers and 36 controls were recruited and provided a pair of pre- and post-shift urine samples for this study. The results showed the limit of detection (LOD) values were <10 ng/mL (GAMA2) , 20 ng/mL (GAMA3) and 5 ng/mL (AAMA) in urine and the detection rate was 34%, 38% and 92% for GAMA2, GAMA3 and AAMA, respectively. The geometric mean (range) level of GAMA2, GAMA3 and AAMA in the whole collective (n=100) was 38.2 (8.1-343) (μg/g creatinine), 94.9(10.8-1754.6) (μg/g creatinine) and 516.7 (4.7-115843) (μg/g creatinine), respectively. There was a significantly positive correlation between naturally log-transformed concentrations of AAMA and naturally log-transformed GAMA2 and GAMA3 (Pearson correlation: r=0.695, p<0.001). Besides, the pre- and post-shift urinary AAMA concentrations for the AA-exposed workers were higher than those for the controls. These results suggest that AAMA can serve as a sensitive, specific, non-invasive, and easily accessible biomarker for AA exposures.