The purpose of current study was to review findings from recent works that tap on the relationship between exercise/fitness and childhood cognition. It were summarized by the current study that: (1) studies that incorporate neuropsychological, neuroelectric, and neuroimaging techniques have demonstrated the positive association between physical fitness and cognitive function in children, particularly cognitive aspects such as attention, memory, inhibition, executive function, visual and verbal processing; and (2) the positive association of motor fitness to different high-order cognitions, such as working memory, inhibition, visual processing, and switching, has been evidenced by studies that apply neuropsychological and neuroimaging techniques. Future work should consider longitudinal design to thoroughly examine the fluctuation of cognitive performance as a function of physical fitness change. The current study also recommend future study incorporate a broad range of physical fitness tests to obtain a more comprehensive view regarding the relationship between physical fitness and childhood cognition.