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台語、華語的“使動”、“讓動”kap“自動”句型

Sentence Patterns of the Causative, Yielding and Active in Taiwanese and Mandarin

摘要


本文beh探討台語、華語內底的「使動」、「讓動」kap「自動」三種無仝的語義範疇的句型,以及in的語法、語彙、語音kap語用特點。其中「使動」的重點kh(符號略)g tī建構台語的句型,如:「將+NP+kā+動作」、「kā+NP+給+動作」、「kā+NP+動作」等,kā遮的句型kap華語的「將+NP+給+動作」、「把+NP+給+動作」、「叫+NP+給+動作」等句型做比較。指出(平均值)m-tā(上標 n)是語言內部仝語義的句型會得通轉換(paraphrasing)niâ,無仝的語言比論台語的「將~kā句型」與華語的「『把』句型」嘛會當用語義範疇做根據,來進行無仝語言的「句型對譯」。語法模板有兩項功能:一)根據語法進行向下生成新的語句(downward generation of new sentences)。文本爲「kā+代名詞」的合音造出合理的前行語(antecedent)。二)將文本內的例句向上投射(upward projection)進行語句的解釋(sentence interpretation)。Kā各句內的每一個詞彙kh(符號略)g tī語法模板內的適當句位。語法模板會當高效率顯示台語第三人稱代名詞的省略,第一、第二人稱代名詞kap對方代詞「人」的合音,以及輕聲化現象。Tī語法信息中,本文強調「句型」(sentence pattern)的重要功能,講明有顯示重點的句位環境(syntactic context)tī語法研究的重要性。語法模板會當顯示語義、語法、詞法kap語音,全面運用隨時聯結的語言事實,語法模板兼用台語kap英語,會當避免單用英語,抑是單用中文時的偏見。台語的「kā+動作」是用重複介賓加強處置動作,「kā」無適合採用北京華語「給+動作」用助詞加強處置動作的分析法。台語使動句式(causative sentence pattern),省略現象如「hō+NP+kā+動作」(例:hō老師kā鼓勵),「kā+NP+hō+代詞+動作」合音現象(如:kā飯hoi[13]),攏是用句法形式做條件:「kā+NP+hō+NP+kā+動作」,「kā+NP+hō+代名詞+動作」。台語的贈與/送與句式(sentence pattern for giving or dative construction)「NP+hō+代名詞」內,「代名詞」發音做本調或輕聲(如:這本小說hō你)。攏會當tī語法模板內顯示。本文強調三項重點:(1)句型(sentence pattern)在語法研究的重要性。(2)語言的每一個介面,語義、句法、詞法kap語音等,全面運用隨時聯結的語言事實。(3)描寫語法,若是會當兼用台語kap英語,會當避免單用英語,抑是單用中文時的偏見。

並列摘要


This paper undertakes the investigation of the sentence patterns of three semantic categories, causative, yielding, and active. It also provides the semantic basis for sentence pattern translation between Mandarin ”ba” sentence patterns and Taiwanese ”chiong~kā” sentence patterns. A grammar template has two functions; making new sentences through downward generation., We generate the antecedents formonosyllables contracted form ka7 and pronouns. It does sentence interpretation of the example sentences through upward projection, placing each lexical entry onto its proper syntactic position in the template. Our grammar template effectively shows the deletion of the third person pronouns as well as the contraction of the case marker hō or kā and the following pronouns into a single syllable. With regards to the processing of information about grammar, the paper stresses the important function of syntacid patternces in showing the exact syntactic contexts of language rule. Grammar templates are able to show the language fact that various modules of semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology and pragmatics are fully functioning and there is a prompt linkage across the modules. Use of both Taiwanese and English can avoid the biases of using Mandarin only or English only. The deletion of the third person pronoun after the case marker ka7 or hō is a reasonable analylysis for Taiwanese. By contrast, the ”gei” preceding a verb is analysed as an auxiliary verb in Mandarin. The analysis in Mandarin would not suit for Taiwanese. And any similar analysis for Taiwanese would be a bias resulting from using Mandarin. The third person pronoun deletion or contraction of a case marker with the following pronouns into a single syllable takes place in the context of sentence patterns; such as ”kā+NP+hō+NP+kā+action” or ”kā+NP+hō+ pronoun +action”. That sentence pattern for giving or dative construction ”NP+hō+ pronoun” is pronounces in the original tone followed by the neutral tone can be shown on the template. The paper emphasizes three points: (1) The importance of sentence patterns in linguistic research, (2) The language fact of the total application of various modules of semantics, syntax,, phonology and prompt linkage across them. (3) When Taiwanese and English are both used in describing the grammar the biases of English only or Chinese only can be avoided.

參考文獻


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被引用紀錄


Hu, C. Y. (2015). 英語、漢語與台灣閩南語之訊息結構:雙賓動詞論元體現探析 [doctoral dissertation, National Tsing Hua University]. Airiti Library. https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2015.00327
Hsu, T. T. C. (2013). 主觀化與義務情態動詞的形成:以閩南語「著」、「愛」、「會」為例 [doctoral dissertation, National Tsing Hua University]. Airiti Library. https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2013.00670
Peng, Y. H. (2011). 新竹地區台灣閩南語海口腔聲調的聲學研究 [master's thesis, National Tsing Hua University]. Airiti Library. https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2011.00600
Chun, C. (2010). 閩南語評價詞「好」之多重語法功能與語法化:語料庫為本之分析 [doctoral dissertation, National Tsing Hua University]. Airiti Library. https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2010.00563
Chen, Y. L. (2010). 從語言地理類型學看閩南語語法 [master's thesis, National Tsing Hua University]. Airiti Library. https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2010.00561

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