《左傳》、《國語》「貢」之內容析論

An Analysis of the Content of ＂Gòng＂(貢) in Zuo Zhuan and Guo Yu

黃聖松(Sheng-Sung Huang)

《東華漢學》 34期 (2021/12) Pp. 73-105

摘要

《周禮》「貢」屬性可分「歲之常貢」、「因朝而貢」，然貢之內容皆不出《周禮．天官．大宰》「九貢」所述。本文依《周禮》貢相關記載，梳理《左傳》、《國語》貢之內容及屬性。《左傳》、《國語》貢之內容，其一為諸侯領地內所產物資，另見以領地內所產物資加工後物品為貢物；此外，《左傳》又見魯貢周天子彝器之事。《左傳》、《國語》又見以幣帛、幣、玉帛、皮幣、子女為貢之內容；然上述內容亦可作為一般禮物，皮幣尚見釋為貨物而販售之例。至於分辨上揭幣帛諸物究為貢之內容或禮物，端視致、受雙方身分與目的。若是「從下獻上」者，如諸侯朝周天子或霸主則屬貢；若雙分身分對等且致贈目的為展現敬意，如諸侯間聘、問，則可釋為禮物。

關鍵字

《左傳》 ； 《國語》 ； 《周禮》 ； 貢 ； 朝

並列摘要

The attribute of ＂gòng＂ (tribute) in ＂Zhou Li＂ can be divided into the ＂gòng＂ for the year and the ＂gòng＂ for the Emperor Zhou. Although the attribute of ＂gòng＂ is different, the content of ＂gòng＂ is all mentioned in ＂Nine Gòng＂ in ＂Zhou Li-Tiān Guān-Dà Zăi. This article researches the related records of ＂gòng＂ in ＂Zhou Li＂ and also sorts out the content and attributes of ＂gòng＂ in ＂Zuo Zhuan＂ and ＂Guo Yu＂. According to ＂Zuo Zhuan＂ and ＂Guo Yu＂, there are two kinds of things can be the ＂gòng＂; one is the products produced in the vassals' territories and the other one is the products processed in the vassals' territories. In ＂Zuo Zhuan＂ and ＂Guo Yu＂, those such as ＂bì-bó＂ (silk), ＂bì＂ (money), ＂yù-bó＂ (jade and silk), ＂pí-bì＂ (animal skin)& ＂zĭ-nü＂ (young and beautiful virgins) are also the ＂gòng＂, but they are also general gifts in some ways. The ＂pí bì＂ can also be a sort of merchandise for sell. How to define the contents of ＂bì-bó＂ is a ＂gòng＂ or a gift? It depends on the identity and purpose of the contributor and the recipients. In short, if it is a person who pays ＂gòng＂ from lower rank, such as the vassal ＂chao＂ (to present oneself before a Monarch) Emperor Zhou or Monarchs, it is the ＂gòng＂. However, if the identities of the two parties are equal and the purpose of the gift is to show respect or to comply with etiquette, such as ＂pìn＂ (vassals sent envoys to each other for friendly visits) or ＂wèn＂ (a small-scale of ＂pìn＂) between vassals can be interpreted as gifts.

並列關鍵字

Zuo Zhuan ； Guo Yu ； Zhou Li ； ＂Gòng＂(貢) ； ＂chao＂(朝)

參考文獻

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