- 期刊
CRISPR／Cas9基因編輯技術平台之發展及作物育種的應用
The Development and Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Platform
摘要
全球暖化導致極端氣候，造成全球性作物減產及糧食危機，因應氣候變遷之逆境抗性品種的快速選育來確保糧食安全，已是刻不容緩的研究議題。現今作物品種改良，是藉由回交或雜交將帶有逆境抗性基因導入現行優良品種，但因遠緣雜交育種之障礙及種原遺傳多樣性的喪失，而限制育種的廣度及進程。Cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats／CRISPR-associated protein 9 （CRISPR／Cas9）基因編輯技術系統自確立可應用在真核生物以來，受到學術界、研發單位、產業界與政府相關單位的重視。此技術相較於之前的基因編輯方法，不僅操作簡化且所需經費亦相對便宜，更重要的是能精準且有效編輯目標基因，使其不論在動物、植物或者人類疾病治療等皆有廣泛性的應用。在植物育種方面，由於CRISPR／Cas9系統能準確編輯目標基因，對於植物性狀變異的掌控或者功能性基因的探索上，無疑可跳脫現有技術限制，而成為新興的育種工具。爰此，本篇主要在回顧整理基因編輯技術歷程、CRISPR／Cas9系統的原理發展與應用，冀以提供國內學者或分子育種專家參考。
並列摘要
Extreme weather caused by global warming could lead to increase of crop diseases, reduction of crop yield and food crisis. It is a top research priority to improve plant stress tolerance for the adaptation of weather extremes and food security. Plant breeding has been devised for improving crop varieties by backcross or hybridization. However, the limitation of distant hybridization and loss of genetic diversity make the breeding program difficult, and the selection of crop improvement through conventional plant breeding is inefficient and unpredictable. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) as a powerful gene editing tool has received a great degree of attention since its establishment on eukaryote. Compared with the previous gene editing technology, the CRISPR-Cas9 system is an easy to use and low-cost requirement tool. More importantly, the efficiency and accuracy of CRISPR/Cas9 system on target gene editing makes it as a widely used tool in animal, plant and human. CRISPR/Cas9 as a revolutionary plant breeding tool can facilitate precision crop improvement by controlling the gene function accurately. To provide a concept for follow-up researcher or breeding experts, we review the history of CRISPR/Cas9 system and its genome-editing mechanism. We also describe the current progress and the potential application for crop improvement.