義理與現實的衝突－從丁未漂流人事件看朝鮮王朝之尊明貶清文化心態

The Conflict between Orthodox Thought and Reality: Choson's Pro-Ming/Anti-Qing Sentiment as Seen in the Attitudes of the 95 Drifting Persons from Taiwan in 1667

孫衛國(Wei-Guo Sun)

《漢學研究》 25卷2期 (2007/12) Pp. 187-210

摘要

在清代與朝鮮三百年的交往中，有不少清朝商人遇風漂到朝鮮，但幾乎沒有一次可以同康熙丁未(1667)林寅觀等九十五漂流人事件一樣，對朝鮮歷史影響如此之大。林寅觀等九十五人是臺灣鄭氏官商，1667年5月前往日本長崎途中，遇風漂到濟州島。他們留長髮，身著明朝冠服，帶著水曆二十一年的曆書，使朝鮮首次真切地感受到南明的存在，因而引起震動。對於如何處置他們，朝鮮有著完全不同的兩種意見：一派堅持尊明貶清的儒家義理觀，主張將他們送往日本，或放回臺灣；另一派則出於現實的考慮，主張送往遼東。現實的利益最終壓倒了義理的衝動，九十五人皆被送往北京，但全被清朝處死。朝鮮君臣獲知九十五人的悲慘命運，又陷於了長期的自責之中，文人紛紛寫詩作文加以紀念，朝鮮正祖則為九十五人築壇祭奠，構成朝鮮長期尊周思明活動的一個重要組成部分。本文分析了林寅觀等九十五人的具體情況、航行的經過、他們眼中的水曆政權、整個事件中朝鮮君臣內在心態的矛盾等等問題，並論述了這一事件背後深刻的歷史與文化根源，從而透視朝鮮對明、清兩朝完全不同的文化心態。

關鍵字

朝鮮王朝 ； 中韓關係 ； 清代 ； 李明貶清 ； 臺灣

並列摘要

In the three hundred years of relations between the Qing and Choson dynasties, Chinese merchant ships drifted to Choson Korea several times. However, of all of these, Lin Yinguan's 林寅觀 boat of 95 people drifting from Taiwan in 1667 had one of the biggest impacts on Choson politics. Lin Yinguan and his ninety followers, as the official merchants of Koxinga's (Zheng Chenggong 鄭成功) regime in Taiwan, were swept off-course by a wild storm to Jeju 濟州 Island on their way to Nagasaki in May 1667. People in Choson Korea were shocked by the appearance of the 95 persons, all of who had long hair in the Ming style, wore Ming-era clothing, and carried the Southern Ming Emperor Yongli's 永曆 almanac. Thus, for the first time Choson people saw evidence that the Southern Ming dynasty was real. There were two separate opinions among the Choson ministers, who debated about what to do with the 95 merchants: some ministers indicated that the merchants should be sent to Japan or Taiwan because of a pro-Ming/anti-Qing sentiment; the others advocated from a realistic perspective that they should be sent to Beijing. At last, the second opinion was adopted and the merchants were sent to Beijing and were executed. When the Choson King and ministers heard this news, they were so overtaken with self-condemnation that ministers during the subsequent years wrote many poems and articles to memorialize them, and King Jeonjo 正祖 (1776-1800) built an altar to sacrifice to them. This article focuses on the above issues in order to analyze their profound historical and cultural background, as well as Choson's different attitudes toward the Ming and Qing dynasties.

並列關鍵字

Choson dynasty ； Sino-Korean relations ； Qing dynasty ； Ming loyalists ； Taiwan

參考文獻

清江日昇(1983)。臺灣外紀。福州:福建人民出版社。

(1985)。清實錄。北京:中華書局。

成海應(1982)。研經齋全集。漢城:高麗大學中央圖書館。

(1953)。李朝顯宗實錄。東京:學習院東洋文化研究所。

(1953)。李朝肅宗實錄。東京:學習院東洋文化研究所。