中國古代的各種青銅(二)

古青銅主要是銅的合金，合金的主要成分是鋼、鋅、錫、鉛，因為它們配方的分量不同而有不同類別的青銅。廣義的青銅器有鉛器、錫器、鋅合金器及銅合金器。常見的銅合金器因配方的不同而可分為五類：一、錫青銅：合12 %以下的錫及微量的鉛、鋅，表面顏色為古銅色，基體為金黃色；二、鉛錫青銅：含12%以下的錫及平均20%以下的鉛；三、高鋅青銅：含35%左右的鋅，29%左右的錫及±5 9%的鉛；四、鋅鉛青銅：銅含量在50%以下，其他主為鋅與鉛，及2 %左右的錫；五、高錫青銅：含12-30%的錫，5%左右的鉛及少量的鋅。高鋅青銅(有如今日的複雜青銅) 是最早被應用的青銅，至少在6700 年前，古代冶金術士已掌握了高鋅青銅的配製。古代青銅器的成分與類別常因地區的不同而改變，顯然是因為不同地區，所產的金屬原料不同，術士利用本地原料作配方而製作出不同種類的青銅。古青銅的基體中，組成元素的分佈是不均勻的，特別是銅與鉛不能成為固溶體，鉛常以細小不均句的團塊分佈在銅合金基體中，不同種類的青銅在不同的埋藏環境中可生成多種不同的次生銹蝕礦物。以上這些特徵都可用來作為鑑定古青銅器真偽的方法與證據。

Keywords

青銅；中國；合金；古青銅；銅合金；分類；鑑定

Parallel abstracts

Chinese ＂bronze＂ or qingtong is a general term for all copper alloy s in which the principal alloying elements are zinc, tin, lead or other elements. These alloying elements in qingtong are of different percentages, and hence Chinese qingtong artifacts are not all typically zinc and tin bronzes but a variety of metal alloys. Based on their respective major alloying elements, Chinese qingtong can be classified into five categories: (1) Bronze, less than 12% tin; (2) Leaded bronze, less than 12% tin and less than 20% lead on average; (3) High zinc qingtong (or complex brass), about 30% zinc ±2% tin and ±5% lead; (4 ) Zinc, lead qingtong, less than 50% copper, zinc and lead of over 50% and about 2% tin. (5) High tin qingtong, 12 ＞30% tin ±5% lead and minor amounts of zinc. Copper alloys containing zinc, lead and tin (high zinc qington or complex brasses) were among the first copper alloys de veloped by ancient metalworker s in China more than 6700 Years ago; and their composition varies greatly depending on their origins in ancient China. This is mainly because copper mineral deposits differ, and as a consequence, metalworkers used unique raw material s to make different copper alloys in the various regions. Ancient qingtongs are characterized by a lack of homogeneity in alloying elements in their respective alloy matrices. Copper and lead do not take in solid solution; therefore, under SEM lead is dispersed in nodules of different size throughout the alloy's matrix. In addition to the different corrosion products found on the surface of such artifacts, such information is useful in determining the authenticity of ancient copper alloy artifacts.