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臺灣紅樹林分布的變遷
Changes in the Distribution of Mangroves in Taiwan
摘要
本研究整合臺灣紅樹植物分布的歷史文獻和早期採集紀錄，探討自首次文獻記載以來，臺灣紅樹林分布的變遷與現況。研究結果支持Wester（1988）的結論，即目前臺灣紅樹林的分布多為人為栽植或擴張的結果。1945年國民政府來臺前，原本擁有原生紅樹林的基隆灣與高雄灣，由於開港等因素，海岸已無紅樹林分布。淡水河口在1864年有水筆仔最早的標本採集紀錄，但至1925年間無相關紀錄，推測在19世紀末可能已經滅絕。考據顯示黃東茂後來自福建省鼓浪嶼再引入水筆仔，栽植於竿蓁林一帶，並逐步擴展成今日淡水河口的大規模紅樹林。新竹新豐地區的水筆仔與海茄苳分布，經考據為1790年由徐熙拱從廣東省惠州府陸豐縣引入。此外，恆春半島於1875年有海茄苳植株的發現，是臺灣紅樹林自然分布的最南界。1945年以前，其他臺灣西部的紅樹林紀錄，包括1912年嘉義布袋與東石的矮小海茄苳，原作者佐佐木舜一推斷是人為栽植的；臺南地區則有1930年與1942年的海茄苳標本紀錄；屏東東港大鵬灣有估計樹齡超過百年的海茄苳老樹。目前臺灣本島的紅樹林分布，大部分是1945年後政府單位和民間團體種植的結果，隨著紅樹林的快速成長，其分布已在臺灣西海岸大幅擴張。至於離島，金門擁有原生的海茄苳、桐花樹和老鼠簕，並曾引入臺灣的水筆仔；澎湖與東沙也有人為栽植的紅樹林。
並列摘要
This study integrates historical literature and early collection records related to the distribution of mangrove species in Taiwan, exploring changes in the mangrove distribution since the first documented records. The findings support Wester's (1988) conclusion that the current distribution of mangroves in Taiwan is largely the result of human planting or artificial expansion. Before 1945, prior to the relocation of the Nationalist government to Taiwan, native mangrove forests originally found in Keelung Bay and Kaohsiung Bay disappeared from the coasts due to factors such as port development. The Tamsui River estuary has the earliest recorded specimens of Kandelia obovata from 1864, but no related records exist until 1925, suggesting the species may have gone extinct in the late 19th century. Historical research indicates that Huang Tung-Mao later reintroduced K. obovata from Gulangyu, Fujian Province, and planted it around Ganjhenlin, from which it gradually expanded into the large mangrove forest seen today at the Tamsui River estuary. The distribution of K. obovata and Avicennia marina in the Sinfeng area of Hsinchu is documented as having been introduced in 1790 by Hsu Hsi-Gung from Lufeng County, Huizhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province. Additionally, A. marina was found on the Hengchun Peninsula in 1875, marking the southernmost natural distribution of mangroves in Taiwan. Before 1945, records from 1912 of mangrove forests in western Taiwan included A. marina in Budai and Dongshih, Chiayi. Due to the small size of these trees, the original author, Syuniti Sasaki, inferred they were artificially planted. In the Tainan area, records of A. marina specimens date back to 1930 and 1942. In the Dapeng Bay area of Donggang, Pingtung, it is noted for having A. marina trees with an estimated age of over 100 years. The current distribution of mangroves on Taiwan's main island is largely the result of planting efforts by the government agencies and private organizations after 1945. With rapid growth of mangroves, their distribution has significantly expanded along the western coast of Taiwan. Regarding offshore islands, Kinmen has native populations of A. marina, Aegiceras corniculatum, and Acanthus ilicifolius, and has also introduced K. obovata from Taiwan. Artificially planted mangroves are also distributed in Penghu and Dongsha.