農田水利會公法人之概念及行政組織法上之地位－兼論德國、日本及荷蘭水利組織

臺灣農田水利事業經營體制之演變，歷經明清時期村落住民之「私法自治」，繼而日治時期為求控制臺灣農業及水資源，日本政府將內地學習德國法制創設水利組合制度之經驗導入臺灣，進而開啟農田水利事業「公法自治」方向。嗣後中央集權思想濃厚之國民政府治台初期，被動地以公法人地位接納農田水利會，然因公法人之法制不健全，導致農田水利會公法人之功能爭議不斷。雖然立法者已於2018年修正農田水利會組織通則，定期限將農田水利事業收回由國家行政機關自辦。然而，本文仍嘗試由多元、開放之角度探討農田水利會公法人之概念與其在行政組織法上之地位，並簡析德國水土協會、日本土地改良區及荷蘭水利會之設立、功能、組織及監督機制。

關鍵字

行政主體；自治行政；行政一體；組織最適誡命；農田水利會公法人；農田水利事業；灌溉排水；德國水利會；荷蘭水利會；日本土地改區；水利組合；公共埤圳；官設埤圳

並列摘要

The management of irrigation and drainage affairs in Taiwan during the period of Chinese Ming-Qing Dynasty was based on autonomous principle of private law, while during the period of Japanese governance, the Japanese government introduced to Taiwan the practice of irrigation cooperatives learned from German to control agricultural and water resources in Taiwan, which was based on autonomous principle of public law. Soon after the period of Japanese governance, Kuomintang government passively adapted irrigation associations as public legal persons. However, the association legislation was incomplete and controversial, resulting in arguments about the functions of irrigation associations as public legal person. Although legislators amended the Act of Irrigation Association Organization in 2018, aiming to reform current irrigation associations to be an administrative agency, the study still tried to openly investigate and discuss the hierarchy of irrigation associations on the administrative law. The study also reviewed the establishment, functions, organizations, supervising mechanisms of water and soil associations in German, land improvement districts in Japan, and water boards in Netherland. Additionally, this study examined comments on the management of irrigation and drainage affairs from administrative agencies and judicial organs.