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不對稱戰爭之社會特性及參與官兵之感受
Asymmetric Warfare: Its Social Characteristics and the Experience by Involved Troops
摘要
不對稱戰爭是指交戰雙方彼此軍力極為懸殊，以至於兩者根本就無法以對等的作戰方式進行對抗，而弱勢方採取的非傳統策略與戰術、強勢方採取的因應作為所形成的對抗方式。本文有兩個目的：第一是檢視此一新型態戰爭的社會特性，也就是弱勢方所採取的攻擊方式是具備何種社會企圖、以何種社會手段達到何種社會目的與影響。這是一個較偏向鉅視層級的討論。另一個目的是呈現參與不對稱戰爭官兵在許多方面的感受，例如環境、任務、滿意度與動機、與家人關係等等。這是一個較屬於微觀層級的發現。本文首先探討發展出不對稱戰爭的時空背景，發現正是西方社會的資訊全球化作為促成不對稱戰爭的最佳條件。其次整理不對稱戰爭的五項特徵，包括雙方過於懸殊的軍事力量、戰場已不分前線後方、弱勢方所採取的戰術完全不受道德規範限制而暴露其殘酷無情性質、敵人屬性的多樣與不確定性、已及恐怖組織的資金來自各種非法管道。本文接著呈現軍事社會學針對不對稱戰爭所作的研究，包括介紹一項對參與官兵大規模訪問的實證研究發現。在結論中，本文提出未來的研究可朝向不對稱戰爭中強勢方（美軍）表現比較不理想的領域發展：當地社會的重建；另一個可能的研究發展是針對一項微觀層次的識題進行探討：那些被洗腦而從事孤狼性攻擊的個別行動者。
並列摘要
Asymmetrical warfare are unconventional strategies and tactics adopted by a force when the military capabilities of belligerent powers are not simply unequal but are so significantly different that they cannot make the same sorts of attacks on each other. There are two main purposes in this article. First one is to present the social characteristics of asymmetrical warfare, in other words, what social purposes, social means and social consequences it tries to take and reach; the second one is to show how involved officials and soldiers feel by performing missions in asymmetrical warfare. This paper first traces the background that brings out asymmetrical warfare. It is found that it is exactly the globalized communication networks that facilitate the formation and development of this war. The paper then introduces five unique social characteristics in this war. Then military-sociological analyses on asymmetric warfare are presented. In the end, several suggestions for the future research are proposed in the conclusion.