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如何達到最適匯率制度:美國與日本匯率政策選擇的政治分析(1985-2001)

US and Japan's Exchange-Rate Policy Choices (1985-2001)

摘要


美國經濟於一九八○年代面臨財政赤字與貿易赤字的雙赤字危機,因此一九八五年「廣場協議」之後,日本在美國、英國及法國的聯合壓力下讓日圓急遽升值,以抑制日本強大的出口競爭力,從一九八五年的「廣場協議」至一九八七年的「羅浮宮協議」為止,日圓從236日圓兌換一美元升值至125兌換一美元,總計在短短的兩年之內,日圓升值了百分之百,但是美國經濟還是沒有復甦;另外從一九九一年泡沫經濟破滅以來,日本經濟已經陷入二次戰後以來最嚴重的衰退期,在過去十一年當中,日本政府用盡各種經濟政策及方法,但是日本經濟不但仍然在谷底徘徊,反而陷入通貨緊縮的游渦當中,因此,前年(二○○一)小泉純一郎上台之後,便以政府力量干預匯市,讓日圓價位由114.45日圓一路貶破130日圓兌換一美元,在短的一個月期間日圓貶值了11%,日圓的急遽貶值嚴重影響亞太國家的出口市場,並連動著使這些國家幣值跟隨著下跌,同時也對於全球經濟復甦構成極大的壓力,但是日本經濟仍然沒有起色。為何不論是在國際壓力或是政府干預的情況下來改變匯率,卻都無法達成其經濟目標呢?而最適的匯率政策應該要如何達成呢?這是本文的研究目的。另外從這兩個例證來看,其實美鋰與日本在當時經濟衰退的主要癥結並非在匯率,而為何這兩國的政府不從國內制度來解決根本的經濟問題(稅制改革與金融改革),而卻偏好使用匯率政策來改變匯率的決策,並分析其背後的政治因素。

並列摘要


The economy of the US faced both financial and trade deficits in the 1980s. Therefore, after the Plaza Accord in the 1985, Japan was forced to rapidly revaluate the yen under pressure from the US, Britain, and France. Nevertheless, the US economy still did not recover. In addition, since the collapse of the bubble economy in 1991, the Japanese government also used the exchange rate policy to stimulate it’s stagnating economy. Even so, Japan’s economy has not recovered. Why did changing the exchange rate fail to help the economy? How is a country to achieve an optimum exchange rate policy? This article argues that the main reason for the recessions in the US and Japan was not the exchange rate problem but was rater due to domestic problems. These two countries must reform their inefficienct financial systems. This article explores the political factors behind the exchange rate policies in the US and Japan since 1980.

並列關鍵字

Plaza Accord Louvre Accord Exchange rate system Japan US

參考文獻


Andrew, D.(1994).Capital Mobility and State Autonomy: Towards a Structural Theory of International Monetary Relations.International Studies Quarterly.38(2)
Bates, R.(1997).Open Economy Politics: The Political Economy of the World Coffee Trade.NJ:Princeton University Press.
Botcheva, L., Martin, L.(2001).Institutional Effects and State Behavior: Convergence and Divergence.International Studies Quarterly.45(1)
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