In intact renal tubule cells, intracellular calcium ion concentration is roughly 10^(-4) fold of that in extracellular fluid. The physiological significance of low cytosolic calcium ion concentration allows the divalent cation exert its fine regulation of sodium transport. Two main processes are responsible for maintaining low cellular ionized calcium: internal buffering and active extrusion out of cell. In the former calcium ions are buffered and/or sequestered by cytosolic organelles, endoplasmic reticulum and macroprotein; In the later, membrane bound Ca-ATPase and Na/Ca exchanger (3:1) constituted the major achievement.