《文廟祀典》所見中越孔廟設置與祀典儀節異同舉隅

孔廟自漢代始建於曲阜後，迭因褒封而擴建。在中國境內更因禮典制定，並與各級學校相配成為一廟學制度。隨著儒學的傳播，域外亦可見孔廟之興築。學界對於韓國、日本孔廟之介紹與研究，十分充足。相較之下，越南一地孔廟始建時間乃至於數量，皆有可觀之處。學界對於越南孔廟建築與儒學教育等議題之研究，成果豐碩；然對於祀典儀節，著墨尚少。今檢索漢喃古籍文獻中，喃字遺產保護會與越南國家圖書館合作《珍藏漢喃典籍數位化專案》有《文廟祀典》（Van Mieu tu dien）凡56頁。其中除後半部分有16頁為《朝賀儀章》與文廟祀典無直接關係外，多數內容頗有與中國明清時期相關禮典諸書相互印證者。本文即以《文廟祀典》為主，討論越南阮朝文廟建置源流，並取明、清二代《會典》與《孔廟禮樂考》、《頖宮禮樂疏》、《文廟祀典考》等明清學者研考孔廟祀典之專著相參，藉此探析中、越祭孔祀典之異同。

關鍵字

越南；孔廟；祀典；漢喃文獻；儒學

並列摘要

The Confucian temples are to commemorate Confucius and Confucian sages and philosophers. The largest and oldest Confucian temple was established in Qufu, Shandong in 479 B.C. The canonization of Confucianism in the Han dynasty led to the national temples that worship Confucius. In the Tang dynasty, it was decreed that schools in all provinces and subordinate counties should have a Confucian temple so Confucian temples spread throughout China. There are already many introductions and studies written by scholars on Confucius temples in Korea and Japan. On the other hand, the number of Confucius temples in Vietnam and their earliest construction time are similar to those in Taiwan. As for studies of Confucian temples in Vietnam, the academic circles have more interest in its architecture and Confucianism than the rituals. The Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation is working with the National Library of Vietnam on a digitalization project of Hán- Nôm texts. They have published the Van Mieu Tu Dien in 56 pages. The contents of the document are very similar to related ceremony and history books in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Focused on the Van Mieu Tu Dien, this paper discusses the establishment of Confucian temples in Vietnam and compares sacrifice ceremonies in China and Vietnam described in studies of Confucian temple ceremonial books by officials and scholars in the Ming and Qing dynasties.