- 期刊
馬來西亞媒體如何報導中國的新冠疫情：《星洲日報》與《星報》之比較
How does the Malaysia's media coverage of China in COVID-related News? Comparison of Mandarin media "Sin Chew Daily" and English media "The Star"
摘要
2019年底，中國武漢爆發疫情，並迅速席捲全球。這場疫情對中國國家形象造成巨大挑戰，迫使中國透過跨國媒體影響機制來重塑自身形象。過去研究顯示，馬來西亞媒體是中國的影響對象之一，不過，這些研究多聚焦於媒體影響機制，較少討論這些媒體如何呈現中國形象。因此，本研究將以馬來西亞中文媒體《星洲日報》以及英文媒體《星報》（The Star）為研究對象，分別觀察兩大報章所呈現之中國疫情相關內容，探討不同媒體如何呈現中國形象？不同語言媒體所呈現的形象是否又因文化、語言等因素而有所差異？本文的研究個案《星洲日報》及《星報》的所有機構分别為親中商團及政黨，控制了組織網絡的影響力後，得以檢視兩者的差異。我們以網路爬蟲（web crawler）的方式對《星洲日報》及《星報》進行資料爬取，整理出2019年12月31日至2021年12月31日間有關中國疫情內容的媒體報導，並依疫情事件中爭議議題類型（醫護形象及其爭議、資訊控制爭議、人身自由控制爭議、病毒起源爭議）來進行內容分析與批判論述分析。過去文獻與智庫常將《星洲日報》及《星報》列為視為「親中」媒體。但本文發現，不同媒體對事件中的各類爭議均有不同的關注程度，甚至個別媒體對各類爭議性議題的呈現也相當多元。本文推測，這與媒體組織與中國依賴程度、文化價值觀有關係。另外，透過批判論述分析，本研究發現《星洲日報》不管以正面或負面方式呈現內容時，其論述操作均用情感、道德和權利層面的正向修辭詞彙，再製或合理化意識形態展現。相對的，《星報》的意識形態偏向西方價值觀，如透露出較重視人權價值和公民社會的態度。
並列摘要
In late 2019, an outbreak broke out in Wuhan, China, and quickly swept the world. The pandemic posed an enormous challenge to China's national image, forcing the country to reshape its image through mechanisms of transnational media influence. Prior studies show that Malaysia's media is one of the targets of China's influence. However, these studies have focused primarily on the mechanisms of media influence rather than on how these media present China's image. Accordingly, this study will focus on how China's image is presented in the Malaysian Chinese-language media, Sin Chew Daily, and the English-language media, The Star, in order to examine how China's image is presented in both newspapers. Do the images presented by different linguistic media vary depending on cultural and linguistic factors? This study examines the differences between pro-China tycoons and political parties that own Sin Chew Daily and The Star, respectively, considering the influence of their organizational networks. We used a web crawler to crawl data from Sin Chew Daily and The Star newspaper to collate media reports on the China epidemic between 31 December 2019 and 31 December 2021 and to analyze and critically discuss the content of the outbreak in terms of the types of issues involved (image of healthcare and its controversies, information control, personal freedom control, the origin of the virus): content analysis and critical discourse analysis. Research and think tanks have often categorized Sin Chew Daily and The Star as "pro-China" media. This paper finds, however, that different media outlets have different levels of focus on the various controversies in the incident, and even individual media attention and content are pretty diverse in their presentation of diverse controversial issues. Through critical discourse analysis, this study finds that when Sin Chew Daily presents its content positively or negatively, its discourse works through favorable rhetorical terms regarding emotions, morals, and rights by reproducing or rationalizing ideological presentations. On the other hand, the Star, as an English-language medium, is ideologically biased towards Western values, such as reporting on concepts such as human rights, universal values, and civil society.