- 期刊
明儒孫應鱟思想精粹―實功
Practical Cultivation: The Essence of Sun Ying-Ao's Thought
摘要
貴州清平人孫應鱉活躍於王學極盛的明代嘉靖、萬曆年問，十九歲時師事王守仁再傳弟子徐樾。江西貴溪人徐波石在王學另一傳人蔣信之後赴黔任提學副使，最優秀的門生就是孫淮海。卅七歲中進士後，孫應鱉在北京、江西、陝西、四川、湖廣做官，與王門後學切磋琢磨，撰《學孔精舍匯稿》、《淮南易談》、《四書近語》、《教秦緒言》及《幽心瑤草》。他強調先秦儒學的「誠」在天為實理，在人為實心，《易•比卦》貴誠、實、質。對《中庸》所倡戒懼慎獨，淮南視為率性修道的實功。他又界定忠信篤敬為心之實理，可生實言、實行。「實落用功」濃縮成「實功」，即身體力行而不單講誦。他反對不管氣質而懸空論「性」，或不管義理而像荀子以生（氣質）為「性」。至於未明儒，他尊崇范仲淹、周張程朱陸王及呂祖謙、鄒守益，對邵雍的的興趣限於談《易》，未提廣東的陳獻章、湛若水師徒。
並列摘要
Sung Ying-Ao lived during the apex of Wang Yang-Ming studies, the Ming Dynasty, in Qing Ping Gui Zhou. At the age of nineteen he came under the tutelage of Wang Yang-Ming’s disciple Xu Yue. Sun Ying-Ao was Xu Yue’s most outstanding student when Xu went to Gui Zhou to promote Wang Yang-Ming studies. At the age of thirty-seven, after obtaining the status of “Jin Shi”, Sun Ying-Ao went on to serve as a minister in Beijing, Jiang Xi, Shan Xi, Si Chuan, Hunan and Guang Dong. He advocated post Wang Yang Ming studies in these posts by writing “Xue Kung Jing She Wei Gao”, “Hua Nan Yi tan”, “Si Shu Jin Yu”, “Jiao Qin Xu Yan” and “You Xin Yao Yan’. Sun Ying-Ao advocated the pre-Qin Confucian notion of ‘sincerity’ as manifest by ‘li’ in heaven and by the ‘xin’ in man. He took the maxim in the “Doctrine of the Mean” ’The superior man is careful even when alone’ as the basis for the cultivation of the Dao. Sun Ying-Ao defined loyalty and deep sincerity as being theorized in man’s ‘xin’, and realized in words and action. He felt that if the practical were to be realized it would have to be through physical effort and not mere words. He was opposed to notions of ‘character’ that were devoid of any idea of a ’qi’ or those that were devoid of any idea of’yi li’ like Xun Zi’s notion of’character’.