莊子哲學“天”、“造物者”觀念辨析

近世莊學學者多循郭象注《莊》之思想，斟酌損益而將莊子哲學之中「天」及「造物者」等觀念理解為「自然」之別稱，並以「自生」、「獨化」等等詮釋排除「物化」有「物」外之任何動因，繼而否認「造物者」的位格性；竊以為此類詮釋或有理論內部之困難，且甚難融贯於《莊子》文獻。本文認為莊子哲學中之「天」及「造物者」實指某種具有位格之超越主宰，並以下列步驟論證之。首先，本文將嚴格依據文獻，藉分析「天」、「造物者」在莊子宇宙論及「物」之存有之討論中所扮演之角色，正面論證「天」或「造物者」確為具有位格之超越主宰。其次本文將論證頗為流行之「自因」、「自生」、「獨化」等說法在串講《莊子》時確有窒礙難通之處，因此，以此思路否定莊子哲學中造物者具有位格性之說法亦甚難成立。

關鍵字

莊子；造物者；天；郭象；自然；自生；獨化

並列摘要

Recent scholars of Zhuangzi's philosophy mostly follow Guoxiang's annotations of Zhuangzi and understand the concepts of ”heaven” and ”the creator” (zao wu zhe) as ”the way it is.” Moreover, through such interpretations as ”self-generation” and ”independent transformation,” these scholars consider nothing but ”entity” to be the cause of ”transformation of entity” and thus deny the personality of ”the creator.” In the writer's opinion, such interpretations neither theoretically fit nor textually assimilate into Zhuangzi. It's claimed here that, in Zhuangzi's philosophy, ”heaven” or ”the creator actually refers to some transcendental ruler who has personality, and the argument proceeds along the following steps. First, this article will stick closely to the texts and, by means of analyzing the roles of ”heaven” and ”the creator” in both Zhuangzi's cosmology and the discussion about the being of entity, confirm positively that ”heaven” or ”the creator” is indeed the transcendental ruler, who has personality. Second, it is argued that those quite popular theories about ”self-cause,” ”self-generation” and ”independent transformation” are not appropriate approaches to Zhuangzi. Therefore, these approaches are poorly-founded denials of the personality of the creator in Zhuangzi's philosophy.