並列摘要
Ancient Chinese philosophers' theories of ”ming” (命, destiny) were distinguished at least into the two systems of the ”mandate of heaven” and the ”lot.” The theories connected to the ”mandate of heaven” were always about the ”transfers of political powers,” an issue already addressed in ”The Classic of Poetry” and ”The Classic of History”. After being transformed by Zuo Yan's ”theory of the cycle of the five virtues,” these theories were developed into the doctrines about the ”kingly mandate” in the Han Dynasty. The theories in the system of the ”lot” were about how the scholars had responded to and dealt with the frustration and limits posed by one's own life ever since the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Due to the strong characteristics of the many scholars and schools, these theories presented some coherence among all the inconsistencies. Wang Chong's theory was strongly expressive of his personal style.