喜感現象作為創造性適應：在柏格森哲學與相關經驗科學知識的基礎上進行之個案研究

柏格森認為，旁觀者的笑敦促笑柄放下自己機械化的傾向，好適應環境的運作。這是同時要求個體兌現生命的靈活性，以及接受特定規範的約束。二類觀點明顯有衝突。其實人永恆地活在矛盾之中：他保有改變自己行為乃至生活模式的潛力，但反射運動與守法等現象具有自動化的性質。本文將訴諸柏格森的生命哲學以及他作為認識方法的「直觀」，以我們自身的觀察與經驗加上心理學研究成果（旁觀者效應與伯格勒的喜感理論）作為材料，來處理踩到石頭因而摔倒並引人發笑的個案。目標在釐清，面對喜感事件的發生，旁觀者與笑柄分別會如何嘗試，開展自己內部蘊含衝突的生命，並從這個角度來理解喜感現象的性質。

關鍵字

喜感現象；靈活性；機械化；適應；直觀；同感；生命衝力；旁觀者效應；權威降格

並列摘要

According to Henri Bergson, the comic phenomenon urges the buffoon to set aside his mechanical tendencies, in order to adapt himself into the process of the environment. This would be asking the individual to realize the fundamental trait of life: flexibility, and accept the constraints of a certain norm at the same time. Obviously, the two points of view conflict one with the other. In fact, humans live perpetually in a contradiction: they always have the potentiality to alter their modus operandi or even modus vivendi, while the automatism can be found in movements like reflex action and obedience to law. The present paper will appeal to the philosophy of life of Bergson and to his ＂intuition＂ as a method of knowing, and use, as materiels, our own observations and experiences and results of psychological researches (the bystander effect and the humor theory of Edmund Bergler), to approach the case of falling over a stone so as to arouse laughter. The aim will be to elucidate the ways spectators and the buffoon will adopt separately, when comes the comic event, to develop their own lives made of inner conflicts, and to comprehend from this angle the character of the comic phenomenon.