從中國古代鬼神觀念看墨學明鬼意涵

墨子的明鬼觀念是墨學「十論」中非常特殊的一項主張，和其他的學派主張對比，明鬼的觀念與「天志」作聯結，說明他的主張是根據天志而來。從治天下之亂追求社會效益的角度，明鬼有其功利的考量；從實踐天志的角度而言，明鬼是其實踐天的意志的一種手段；從宗教的角度解析，明鬼是素樸的鬼神觀，也是早期先民在畏懼意識下，對人心及行為的外在約束。墨子的鬼神觀，不足以形成一種具有一神論、外在權威式的宗教制裁及成為信仰的支持力量，但是以此素樸的鬼神觀念，也是中國傳統宗教精神與神道設教產生實際效益的手段之一。

關鍵字

鬼神；明鬼；天志；宗教

並列摘要

Mozi's concept of the Percipient-Ghost (明鬼) is a very special proposition, in the ＂Ten Theory＂ of Mohist, compared with other school ideas, Percipient-Ghost concept, it must be linked with the ＂Tianzhi＂ (天志), in order to explain what his claim came from? From the point of view of the pursuit of social public benefits in the world, Percipient-Ghost has its utilitarian consideration, from the point of view of practice of heaven will, ＂Percipient-Ghost＂ is a means of its will to practice heaven will, from the point of view of religion, Percipient-Ghost is a pure simple ghost view, but also the early ancestors in the fear of consciousness, the people and behavior of the external constraints. Mozi's ghost view is not enough to form a religious sanction with One theology, external authority-style and become a force of faith, but this simple concept of ghostism is also one of the means of chinese traditional religious spirit and by means of shinism to produce practical benefits.