源於道德品格的平靜：康德道德心理學的旨趣

傳統西方哲學情感研究一般包含四個方面：原型分析、要素分析、維度分析和價值分析。四個方面的分析為理解康德的情感理論提供了一個框架，在這一框架下才能更好地理解康德對激情和不動心的看法。康德道德哲學反對激情並倡導一種「道德上不動心」的態度，但康德的不動心並不是對他人毫無情感的道德冷漠，而是一種情感的平靜。情感的平靜也不是毫無波瀾的無生氣，而是情感的平和表達，並內在地蘊含著道德的力量，其內核是一種與生命力的釋放與提升結合在一起的快樂心境。這一快樂的心境可以與康德倡導的眾多情感相容，從而敬重感、道德愉悅、實踐的愛、自由的同情等構成了康德道德哲學中的一個平靜情感的譜系。情感的平靜本質上出自一個人格的道德品格，因而不是一個人偶然表現出來的現象，而是道德品格的表徵。這種源於道德品格的平靜正是康德道德哲學所追求的理想狀態，是康德道德心理學的旨趣。

關鍵字

激情；不動心；平靜情感；道德品格；道德心理學

並列摘要

The emotional study of traditional western philosophy generally contains four aspects: prototype analysis, element analysis, dimensional analysis, and value analysis. The four aspects can provide an analytical framework for understanding Kant's emotional theory, and within this framework, we can understand Kant's views on passion and apathy, and provide a possibility to link this calm state of mind with pleasure. Kant's moral philosophy denies the role of passion and advocates an attitude of "moral apathy". But Kant's apathy is not moral indifference to others, but a kind of emotional calm. Emotional calm is not a kind of lifeless without waves. Its background is a happy state of mind combined with the release and promotion of vitality, and contains the power of morality. This state of mind can be compatible with Kant's multiple feelings. The feeling of respect, moral pleasure, practical love, and free sympathy constitute a pedigree of calm emotions in Kant's moral philosophy. Emotional calm is essentially the representation of a person's moral character and inner freedom. Therefore, it is not a phenomenon that a person with moral character accidentally displays, but an essential phenomenon. This kind of calm, which originates from moral character, is an ideal state pursued by Kant's moral philosophy and the ultimate purport of Kant's moral psychology.