- 期刊
康德論走出自然狀態的義務－一種非意志論的解讀
Kant on The Duty to Escape from the State of Nature: A Non-Voluntarist Interpretation
摘要
走出自然狀態進入政治社會是現代早期諸多思想家，尤其是社會契約論者思考政治問題的出發點。對此，在我們傳統對於康德政治哲學的基本理解中，我們也把康德歸於社會契約論傳統。然而，康德在《法權學說》中表達了一種與所有其他社會契約論極不一樣的看法。他認為，走出自然狀態不是我們同意或選擇的結果，而是我們所負擔的一種必然義務，並且，我們甚至有權利通過使用強力迫使那些處於自然狀態中的人走出自然狀態，進入法治狀態。這樣一種強的立場，在很大程度上與社會契約論格格不入。本文通過對作為自然狀態之典型特徵的敵對性和相互侵害的考察，而指出在康德這裡，走出自然狀態的義務並不源於某種審慎的後果式的考量，而是為了克服自然狀態本身的不法性，亦即為了防止人們相互間的敵對性所造成的潛在侵害，而由理性施加的一種法權命令。
並列摘要
In our traditional understanding of Kant's political philosophy, we always think Kant as a social contract theorist. However, Kant, in his Rechtlehre, expresses a view very different from social contract theories. He believes that to go out of the state of nature is not the result of our consents or choices, but an inevitable obligation we bear, and we even have the right to enforce those in the state of nature out of the state of nature. Such a position to some extent is incompatible with the social contract theory. Through an examination of the hostility and mutual infringement as the typical characteristics of the state of nature, this paper points out that the duty to go out of the state of nature, acconding to Kant, does not stem from some kind of prudent consequential consideration, but is a judicial command imposed by reason to overcome the illegality of the state of nature itself, that is, to prevent the potential infringement caused by the hostility between individuals.