清乾隆年間南臺灣的邊防整備與社會發展

清代臺灣在沿山地帶設置的「防番」設施，在雍乾年間的草創階段，其實有著多樣的起源。早期階段的防番設施，應該是派遣鄰近莊民防守的寨、隘口和望樓，而不是現在一般熟知標準模式：移住熟番、分撥免稅土地的「隘寮」。即使乾隆中葉確立「隘番制」後，原本以漢民為主的邊防設施依然存在。乾隆朝各級官府長期且持續的邊防整備工作，其主要目的雖在於嚴禁漢民越界私墾以及區隔民番，但這並不表示官府的整建行動只會導致邊區社會荒廢、族群對立。本文將具體說明，乾隆朝的邊防整備同時帶動了邊區的拓殖開發，以及沿山的村落與住民如何配合官府的邊防整備政策，講述「隘」的防番話語，以維護其既存社會與利益。

關鍵字

防番設施；隔離政策；乾隆朝；番界

並列摘要

During the Qing Imperial Rule of Taiwan, there were infrastructures established along the mountain foothills to fend off attacks from unsubordinated aborigines. Initially, these infrastructures had multiple types derived from different origins with various names such as zhai (寨 stockades/stockaded villages), aikou (隘口 passes/ mountain passes) and wanglou (望樓 watchtowers), while all of which were staffed only by local Han Chinese. They were different from the later, standardized ailiao (隘寮), in that they were guarded by civilized aborigines recruited from outside with allocated tax-free land. However, those Han-operated infrastructures did persist, even after the plain aborigine border-guard (aifan, 隘番) system was institutionalized in 1760/61. During the Qianlong reign, officials persistently built up defense along the aboriginal boundary in Taiwan. The twin purposes were both to prevent Han Chinese from across the border and to separate Han Chinese from unsubordinated aborigines. The present article argues that these boundary policies did not inevitably lead to ethnic antagonism or the abandonment of frontier settlements. Instead, they contributed to the development of frontier zones. Meanwhile, locals on these zones could have justified their settlements by participating in these policies. Their justification was linked to the subsequent discourse of the construction of ailiao or other recognized infrastructures.