國民政府對德日「防共協定」的因應

1936年11月，德國與日本締結「防共協定」（Antikomintern-Pakt）。以往學界對於此議題都視為德日關係史領域，由德國或日本的觀點進行探討，忽略中國對於此協定的觀察與反應。本文擬由中國的視角出發，考察中國對於該協定的看法與因應。德國與日本簽約後都聲明並無秘密條款，但無法取信於世界各國。中國方面透過駐外使節偵査以及報紙報導，探訪到各種密約內容，最後駐蘇大使蔣廷黻由蘇聯方面獲知秘密議定書內容，但無法確認此件情報的可靠性。中國方面對於此協定可能的影響，主要關注於中德軍事合作與中日關係。表面上中德仍維持友好關係與軍備貿易，但是中國已有疑慮，蔣介石計劃推動以中英軍事合作取代，卻未能成功。而該協定有邀請第三國參加的條款，德日訂約之時適逢中日調整國交談判，談判期間日本提出簽訂中日「防共協定」的要求，中國拒絕。中國乃透過外交管道與德國外交部交涉確認並要求保證，避免日本透過協定利用德國施壓中國加入。中國偵查相關情報與外交因應措施的過程，印證「情報驅動外交（intelligence-driven diplomacy）」觀點，即所謂情報輔助外交談判的重要性。最後，經由此案例可知，1930年代中德關係與德日關係的本質差異；前者主要建立在傳統官方關係，後者則與納粹黨關係密切。

關鍵字

防共協定；中德關係；中日關係；程天放；情報

並列摘要

In November 1936, Germany and Japan concluded the Antikomintern-Pakt. Previous research examined the event from the perspectives of Germany or Japan, ignoring China' observation and reactions. This study explores China' view on the agreement and its responding measures. Upon concluding the Pact both Germany and Japan declared that there were no secret clauses, but the claim was not believed by other countries. The Chinese government collected information about possible secret clauses from diplomatic envoy and newspaper reports. Chiang Ting-fu, China's ambassador to the Soviet Union, obtained the content of secret clauses from the Soviet Union but was unable to determine whether it was reliable. China's main concern about the Pact was it impact on Sino-German military cooperation and Sino-Japanese relations. Although China and Germany still maintained friendly relation and an arms trade, the Nationalist Government was worried. Chiang Kai-shek tried to replace Sino-German military cooperation with a Sino-British one, but the effort was not successful. The Pact had provisions for inviting third countries to join. As Germany and Japan singed the Pact, a Sino-Japanese talk on readjusting relations was being held. China rejected Japan's proposal of signing a Sino-Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact during the talk. Through diplomatic channels, China requested assurance from Germany that it will not pressure China to enter into such an agreement on behalf of Japan because of the Antikomintern-Pakt. This study confirms the view of ＂intelligence-driven diplomacy.＂ It also reveals a fundamental difference between Sino-German relations and Japanese-German relations at the time. While the former was based primarily on traditional official ties, the latter was connected through the Nazi Party.