清代臺灣官員「番界」認識與番人分類的演變

本文以時序性的角度，探究清代臺灣官員的番界認識與番人分類變遷之相互關係。文中指出乾隆朝地方官員們對番人分類觀的雙重性：一是康雍年間因稅務行政而產生的「生、化、熟」番觀念，被延續且穩定化；另一是以「番界政策」為前提，形成「界內熟番與界外生番」的身分類型，該分類是因乾隆朝「實體、空間性」番界劃定，使其內、外空間性質出現差異，強化地域空間與番人身分的關聯性。兩者觀念皆因清廷維繫「國家統馭體制」的立場，不樂見番人身分「流動」，使分類趨於穩定。19世紀初官員們為推動版圖擴張，重啟「番人身分轉換」機制，使得分類出現鬆動。此時期官員們對番界的認知也轉向「虛設、族群身分」性質，強調貼近生番生活處才是番界（生番界）。因此，地方官員認為配合生番身分轉變，番界便能「名義」上往東推移，以在「觀念」上突破清廷的限制。爾後，在19世紀下半葉，沈葆楨等官員主導的番政變革，將目光轉向山地「生番」，原本清晰的番人身分類屬，最終趨於混同。

關鍵字

番界；生番界；番人分類；生熟番

並列摘要

This study explores the correlation between the aboriginal boundaries recognized by Taiwan officials in the Qing Dynasty and the changes in taxonomy of Taiwanese aborigines over time. It points out the duality of aborigine classifications by local officials during the reign of Qianlong. As a result of the tax administration during the reigns of Kangxi and Yongzheng, the concept of ＂Sheng Fan/raw aborigines, Hua Fan/naturalized raw aborigines, and Shu Fan/cooked aborigines＂ was born, later passed down and stabilized. In the meantime, based on a recognition of aboriginal boundaries, the categories ＂cooked aborigines within bounds＂ and ＂raw aborigines beyond bounds＂ were also formed. The latter, with the aboriginal territories established on the basis of entity and spatiality in the Qianlong period, set the distinction between ＂inside＂ and ＂outside,＂ enhancing the connection between geographical space and the identity of Taiwanese aborigines. Both classifications had taken root as the Qing administration strived to maintain state rule on the island, and hence led to a reluctance to see the ＂flow,＂ or change, in the aborigine identity. In the early 19th century, to expand state territory, officials reinstituted mechanisms for the conversion of aboriginal categories, which in turn resulted in looser classifications. During this period, officials began to view the aboriginal boundary as a conceptual, origin-and-identity-based idea, designating the area close to where raw aborigines resided as the aboriginal territory (the raw aboriginal boundary). Therefore, local officials reckoned that, with the shift in the identity of raw aborigines, the ＂nominal＂ aboriginal boundary could be pushed further east and the ＂conceptual＂ restriction of the Qing administration could thus be broken. Later, in the second half of the 19th century, the reform of aboriginal affairs led by officials such as Shen Baozhen targeted ＂raw aborigines＂ living in the mountain regions. The once clear-cut classifications of aborigines eventually became blurry.