近代上海報館對新聞照片的採集與刊印

攝影術傳入近代中國的過程中，因照片有印證新聞、增加讀者興趣、調劑篇幅等功能，新聞界逐漸接受與應用這項技術。學界對新聞攝影的研究，過去多關注畫報雜誌上的時尚照片，或黨政報刊裡的宣傳照片；本文則關懷近代中國一般民眾接受新聞的大宗－民營商業報紙，其對照片素材的日常使用情況。本文以上海為中心探討，因該地新聞事業領先全國，中國銷量前兩大的日報《新聞報》（1893－1949）、《申報》（1872－1949），及在新聞攝影上諸多創舉的《時報》（1904－1939）都是上海的報紙。過往研究較單從照片本身去談新聞攝影，本文則放到報館整體營運環境中思考，利用報紙文本、報人憶述及報社檔案等資料，除縱向呈現各時段的發展，亦橫向比較各報的特色：試圖探究下列問題：新聞照片何時出現在上海報紙裡？新聞照片有哪些類別？報館如何蒐集與傳遞新聞照片？照相製版的成本與印刷效果？照片多寡與各報銷量的關係？

關鍵字

新聞攝影；新聞照片；戈公振；照相製版；影寫版

並列摘要

As photography was introduced in early modern China, news photos played an important role in enhancing the credibility of news stories, stimulating public interest in current events, and retaining readers' attention. The press therefore gradually accepted and made use of this new technology. Previous academic research on this subject mainly pay attention to fashion photography in iconic magazines or propaganda pictures in the party press. This study, however, aims at the use of photograph materials by private commercial newspapers, which were read the most by general Chinese public. The article focuses on journalism in Shanghai, which was the leader of this new profession in the country. The city's The Sin Wan Pao (1893-1949) and The Shun Pao (1872-1949), for examples, were the top-selling newspapers in China, and another, The Eastern Times (1904-1939), had done pioneering works in news photography. In past studies the researchers often used photographs to discuss photojournalism. This paper widens the scope of investigation by examining the market environment of newspapers and comparing the development and characteristics of different newspapers, using archived newspapers, memoirs of journalists, and newspaper office records as sources. In doing so, the following issues are explored: When did news photos appear in Shanghai's newspapers? What are the categories of news photos? How did newspaper offices collect and transmit news photos? What were the costs of photoengraving and the resulting print quality? What were the connections between the number of photos used and the sale of papers?